Difference between revisions of "Hardwood"
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== Description == | == Description == | ||
| − | One of two common classifications for trees, hardwood (angiosperm) and [ | + | One of two common classifications for trees, hardwood (angiosperm) and [[softwood]] (gymnosperm). Hardwoods are broad-leaved deciduous trees that vary widely in color and grain pattern. Examples of hardwood trees are: [[ash (wood)|Ash]], [[beech]], [[birch]], [[cherry wood|Cherry]], [[mahogany]], [[maple]], [[oak]], [[poplar]], and [[walnut]]. Hardwood trees are found in temperate and tropical climate zones. Most of the wood used for cabinetry, furniture and flooring is obtained from hardwood trees. Only a small amount of hardwood is used for paper pulp. The term hardwood is somewhat confusing since some deciduous trees, such as basswood, have timber that is softer than some coniferous trees, such as yellow pine. |
== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
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bois dur (Fr.); koboku (Jap.); frondosa (Esp.) ;folhosa (Port.); latifoglia (It.); nonconiferous wood; angiosperm; deciduous | bois dur (Fr.); koboku (Jap.); frondosa (Esp.) ;folhosa (Port.); latifoglia (It.); nonconiferous wood; angiosperm; deciduous | ||
| − | == | + | == Physical and Chemical Properties == |
Contain open-ended pores or vessels. | Contain open-ended pores or vessels. | ||
| − | == | + | Paper fiber type: hardwood. Using transmitted light microscopy, pulp is identified by the presence of vessel elements with species specific morphological characteristics such as pitting, type of perforation, size, shape, etc. Fibers are short with thin walls. Appearance with [[Graff "C" stain]]: varies with pulping process and bleaching; [[kraft process|Kraft]]=dark blue, [[sulfite process|sulfite]]=light blue. Average dimensions of fibers: length, 0.9 mm; width, 15-25 μm. Common pulping method: [[kraft process|kraft]] dominates, but several species can be pulped using the [[sulfite process]]. |
| − | * | + | == Additional Images == |
| + | <gallery> | ||
| + | File:Redoak vessels 10x.jpg|Red oak paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | Sycamore 40x.jpg|American sycamore paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | Redgum 10x.jpg|Red gum paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | Yellowpoplar 40x.jpg|Yellow poplar paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | Blackcherry 10x.jpg|Black cherry paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | Yellowbirch 10x.jpg|Yellow birch paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | Aspen 40x2.jpg|Aspen paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | Ash 10x.jpg|Ash paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | File:Elm 40x.jpg|Elm paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Resources and Citations== | ||
| + | * Alden Identification Services, Microscopic Wood Identification: [https://wood-identification.com/wood-types/ Link] | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | ||
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | * ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | ||
| − | * | + | * Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, ''The Particle Atlas'', W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972 |
* ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 | * ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 | ||
| Line 24: | Line 40: | ||
* ''The Dictionary of Paper'', American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980 | * ''The Dictionary of Paper'', American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980 | ||
| − | * | + | * Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002 |
| − | * | + | * Museum of Japanese Traditional Art Crafts at http://www.nihon-kogeikai.com/ (Jap. term) |
[[Category:Materials database]] | [[Category:Materials database]] | ||
Latest revision as of 12:33, 12 October 2020
Description
One of two common classifications for trees, hardwood (angiosperm) and Softwood (gymnosperm). Hardwoods are broad-leaved deciduous trees that vary widely in color and grain pattern. Examples of hardwood trees are: Ash, Beech, Birch, Cherry, Mahogany, Maple, Oak, Poplar, and Walnut. Hardwood trees are found in temperate and tropical climate zones. Most of the wood used for cabinetry, furniture and flooring is obtained from hardwood trees. Only a small amount of hardwood is used for paper pulp. The term hardwood is somewhat confusing since some deciduous trees, such as basswood, have timber that is softer than some coniferous trees, such as yellow pine.
Synonyms and Related Terms
bois dur (Fr.); koboku (Jap.); frondosa (Esp.) ;folhosa (Port.); latifoglia (It.); nonconiferous wood; angiosperm; deciduous
Physical and Chemical Properties
Contain open-ended pores or vessels.
Paper fiber type: hardwood. Using transmitted light microscopy, pulp is identified by the presence of vessel elements with species specific morphological characteristics such as pitting, type of perforation, size, shape, etc. Fibers are short with thin walls. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: varies with pulping process and bleaching; Kraft=dark blue, sulfite=light blue. Average dimensions of fibers: length, 0.9 mm; width, 15-25 μm. Common pulping method: kraft dominates, but several species can be pulped using the Sulfite process.
Additional Images
Red oak paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
American sycamore paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Red gum paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Yellow poplar paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Black cherry paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Yellow birch paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Aspen paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Ash paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Elm paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Resources and Citations
- Alden Identification Services, Microscopic Wood Identification: Link
- Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
- The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
- Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
- Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
- The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
- Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
- Museum of Japanese Traditional Art Crafts at http://www.nihon-kogeikai.com/ (Jap. term)