Difference between revisions of "Gamboge"

Latest revision as of 11:52, 25 July 2022

Gamboge pieces

Description

Gamboge, powdered

A yellow-orange gum-resin produced by several species of Garcinia tree found in India, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Ceylon. Gamboge was used as a yellow pigment as early as the 8th century in Asia and Japan. It was regularly imported to Europe in the 17th century but a few earlier deliveries may have occurred. Gamboge is composed of a yellow resinous component (70-80%; morelloflavone) and a clear water-soluble Gum (20%). Gamboge is marketed in the form of dull, brownish-yellow cakes or lumps. When powdered, it has a rich golden color. Gamboge is used as a transparent colorant in dyes, glazes, varnishes, and watercolors. The carbohydrate gum acts as a natural binder. The yellow color fades when exposed to light or Ozone. In some cases it has recovered its color when placed in the dark.

See also [Uemera Dye Archive (Touou/Kusashio)]

FTIR (MFA)

Raman (UCL)

EEM Color

EEM Line

SEM

EDS

XRF

Synonyms and Related Terms

Garcinia sp.; Natural Yellow 24; gomaguta (Esp., Port.); Gummigutt (Deut.); gomme-gutte (Fr.); gomma gutta (It.); giallo Cambogia (It.); gamboji (Jap.); shio (Jap.); kiyo (Jap.); gamboge (Ned., Port.); camboge; cambogia; gum gutta; gutto gumbo; guti ambar; gambogium; rattan yellow; wisteria yellow; gummi-gutti; Siam gamboge; Ceylon gamboge; gokatu gamboge

Risks

Discolors to red with ammonia and other alkali.
Fades in sunlight or ozone.
Toxic by ingestion.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Yellow resinous portion is soluble in ethanol.
Colorless carbohydrate portion is soluble in water.
Burns with an odor of resin.
Turns red in dilute alkali solutions.
The small amorphous particles are transparent in transmitted light.
ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 2-3
Density = 1.2
Refractive Index = 1.582-1.586

Additional Images

Gamboge
Powdered gamboge
Gamboge
Silk dyed with gamboge, Uemera Dye Archive

Resources and Citations

J.Winter, "Gamboge", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.

Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com 'Gamboge' Accessed: June 1, 2003

The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'

R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966

Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934

R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982

F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876

Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book

Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989

R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', Japanese Woodblock Prints, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984

"Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.2

Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:gamboge_pieces_1.jpg|thumb|Gamboge pieces]]
 == Description ==
-A yellow-orange gum-resin produced by several species of ''Garcinia'' tree found in India, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Ceylon. Gamboge was used as a yellow pigment as early as the 8th century in Asia and Japan. It was regularly imported to Europe in the 17th century but a few earlier deliveries may have occurred. Gamboge is composed of a yellow resinous component (70-80%; morelloflavone) and a clear water-soluble [[gum]] (20%). Gamboge is marketed in the form of dull, brownish-yellow cakes or lumps. When powdered, it has a rich golden color. Gamboge is used as a transparent colorant in glazes, varnishes, and watercolors. The carbohydrate gum acts as a natural binder. The yellow color fades when exposed to light or [[ozone]]. In some cases it has recovered its color when placed in the dark.
 [[File:296 gamboge.jpg|thumb|Gamboge, powdered]]
+A yellow-orange gum-resin produced by several species of ''Garcinia'' tree found in India, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Ceylon. Gamboge was used as a yellow pigment as early as the 8th century in Asia and Japan. It was regularly imported to Europe in the 17th century but a few earlier deliveries may have occurred. Gamboge is composed of a yellow resinous component (70-80%; morelloflavone) and a clear water-soluble [[gum]] (20%). Gamboge is marketed in the form of dull, brownish-yellow cakes or lumps. When powdered, it has a rich golden color. Gamboge is used as a transparent colorant in dyes, glazes, varnishes, and watercolors. The carbohydrate gum acts as a natural binder. The yellow color fades when exposed to light or [[ozone]]. In some cases it has recovered its color when placed in the dark.
+* See also [[https://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Category:Uemura_dye_archive '''Uemera Dye Archive''' (Touou/Kusashio)]]
+[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Gamboge 297.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|GambogeUCL.jpg~Raman (UCL)|Gamboge color.PNG~EEM Color|Gamboge line.PNG~EEM Line|f296sem.jpg~SEM|f296edsbw.jpg~EDS|Slide 9 FC296.PNG~XRF]]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 ''Garcinia'' sp.; Natural Yellow 24; gomaguta (Esp., Port.); Gummigutt (Deut.); gomme-gutte (Fr.); gomma gutta (It.); giallo Cambogia (It.); gamboji (Jap.); shio (Jap.); kiyo (Jap.); gamboge (Ned., Port.); camboge; cambogia; gum gutta; gutto gumbo; guti ambar; gambogium; rattan yellow; wisteria yellow; gummi-gutti; Siam gamboge; Ceylon gamboge; gokatu gamboge
-[[[SliderGallery rightalign|GambogeUCL.jpg~Raman|MFA- Gamboge.jpg~FTIR|f296sem.jpg~SEM|f296edsbw.jpg~EDS|Slide 9 FC296.PNG~XRF]]]
+== Risks ==
-== Other Properties ==
-Yellow resinous portion is soluble in ethanol. Colorless carbohydrate portion is soluble in water.  Burns with an odor of resin. Turns red in dilute alkali solutions.
-The small amorphous particles are transparent in transmitted light.
-ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 2-3
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-! scope="row"| Density
-| 1.2
-|-
-! scope="row"| Refractive Index
-| 1.582-1.586
-|}
-== Hazards and Safety ==
-Discolors to red with ammonia and other alkali. Fades in sunlight or ozone.
-Toxic by ingestion.
+* Discolors to red with ammonia and other alkali.
+* Fades in sunlight or ozone.
+* Toxic by ingestion.
+== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
-== Additional Information ==
+* Yellow resinous portion is soluble in ethanol.
+* Colorless carbohydrate portion is soluble in water.
+* Burns with an odor of resin.
+* Turns red in dilute alkali solutions.
+* The small amorphous particles are transparent in transmitted light.
+* ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 2-3
+* Density = 1.2
+* Refractive Index = 1.582-1.586
-° J.Winter, "Gamboge", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
 == Additional Images ==
@@ Line 45: / Line 32: @@
 File:15_Powd_gamboge_200X.jpg|Powdered gamboge
 File:gamboge_dyed paper.jpg|Gamboge
+File:Uemura 07-09-2009 195.jpg|Silk dyed with gamboge, Uemera Dye Archive
 </gallery>
+==Resources and Citations==
-== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
+* J.Winter, "Gamboge", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
-* ''Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics'', Elisabeth West FitzHugh, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, 1997  Comment: J.Winter, "Gamboge"
+* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  'Gamboge' Accessed: June 1, 2003
-* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: Gamboge. Retrieved June 1, 2003, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
 * ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996  Comment: 'Pigments'
@@ Line 72: / Line 59: @@
 * R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', ''Japanese Woodblock Prints'', Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
-* Website address 1  Comment: "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html
+* "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html
 * ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980  Comment: density=1.2
 * Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
 [[Category:Materials database]]