Difference between revisions of "Brass"

Latest revision as of 11:59, 2 October 2024

Brass beads
MFA# 2008.1512

Saxaphone
MFA# 17.1889

Description

An alloy of Copper and Zinc that is harder and stronger than copper and more malleable than bronze or zinc. The earliest known brass (Calamine brass) was made by heating zinc ore in the presence of pieces of copper. Brass was made in India and Mesopotamia as early as 1000 BCE and in Europe since Roman times. By the 5th century in Europe, brass had surpassed the use of bronze for domestic items, hardware and decoration. The color and flexibility of bronze vary with composition. As the proportion of zinc increases, the color becomes lighter, e.g. color (%zinc): bronze (10%), golden (15%), yellow (20-40%), silvery (45%) and red (15%). The melting point of a 95% copper-5% zinc is about 1065 C but this temperature drops down to 880 C when the proportion changes to 50% copper-50% zinc. Maximum strength is obtained at 55% copper and maximum ductility occurs with 70% copper. Some variations are (% zinc): violet brass (0.05%), gilding metal (5-15%), jewelry bronze (12.5%), red brass (15%), common or yellow brass (25-36%), Muntz metal (40%), and white brass (66%). Below 36% zinc, brass has good mechanical properties; it is strong, malleable, ductile and corrosion resistant. Slight additions of other metals can change the properties: iron hardens brass, lead improves machinability, tin and/or aluminum increase corrosion resistance white manganese, silicon and nickel increase strength.

Brass drum
MFA# 17.2020

Synonyms and Related Terms

orichalcum; aurichalcum; messing (Ned.); Messing (Deut.); laiton (Fr.); ottone (It.); latão (Port.) latón (Esp.); mässing (Sven.); Aich's metal; cook metal; red brass; yellow brass; Muntz metal; English brass; green brass; ormolu; pinchbeck; Sterro metal; white tombac; cartridge brass;

Personal Risks

Flammable in powdered form.
May cause allergic reactions in some people.

Collection Risks

Brass will corrode in the presence of moisture, chlorides, acetates, ammonia and some acids
Copper in the brass can react with sulfur to for brown or black layers that may later be reduced to a blue-green patina
Exposure to ammonia can result in cracking (called season or stress)

Environmental Risks

As of 2020, almost 90% of brass is recycled. Since it is not ferromagnetic, it is separated from other metals by a large magnet , then melted into pellet

Additional Images

Microstructure of rolled and annealed brass; mag. 400x
Brass powder
Printed brass

Resources and Citations

Wikipedia: Brass Accessed August 2024
Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 114
Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Brass." Accessed 8 July 2004.
The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996
Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Brass at www.answers.com

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:HipbeadsMFA20081512.jpg|thumb| Brass beads MFA# 2008.1512]]
+[[File:HipbeadsMFA20081512.jpg|thumb|Brass beads<br>MFA# 2008.1512]]
-[[File:17.1889-SC14431.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 17.1889]]
+[[File:17.1889-SC14431.jpg|thumb|Saxaphone<br>MFA# 17.1889]]
 == Description ==
-An alloy of [[copper]] and [[zinc]] that is harder and stronger than copper. The earliest known brass ([[calamine brass]]) was made by heating zinc ore in the presence of pieces of copper. Brass was made in India and Mesopotamia as early as 1000 BCE and in Europe since Roman times. By the 5th century in Europe, brass had surpassed the use of bronze for domestic items, hardware and decoration. The color and flexibility of bronze vary with composition. As the proportion of zinc increases, the color becomes lighter, e.g. color (%zinc): bronze (10%), golden (15%), yellow (20-40%) and silvery (45%). The melting point of a 95% copper-5% zinc is about 1065 C but this temperature drops down to 880 C when the proportion changes to 50% copper-50% zinc. Maximum strength is obtained at 55% copper and maximum ductility occurs with 70% copper. Some variations are (% zinc): violet brass (0.05%), gilding metal (5-15%), jewelry bronze (12.5%), red brass (15%), common or yellow brass (25-36%), Muntz metal (40%), and white brass (66%). Below 36% zinc, brass has good mechanical properties; it is strong, malleable, ductile and corrosion resistant. Slight additions of other metals can change the properties: iron hardens brass, lead improves machinability, tin increases corrosion resistance and manganese, silicon and nickel increase strength.
+An alloy of [[copper]] and [[zinc]] that is harder and stronger than copper and more malleable than bronze or zinc. The earliest known brass ([[calamine brass]]) was made by heating zinc ore in the presence of pieces of copper. Brass was made in India and Mesopotamia as early as 1000 BCE and in Europe since Roman times. By the 5th century in Europe, brass had surpassed the use of bronze for domestic items, hardware and decoration. The color and flexibility of bronze vary with composition. As the proportion of zinc increases, the color becomes lighter, e.g. color (%zinc): bronze (10%), golden (15%), yellow (20-40%), silvery (45%) and red (15%). The melting point of a 95% copper-5% zinc is about 1065 C but this temperature drops down to 880 C when the proportion changes to 50% copper-50% zinc. Maximum strength is obtained at 55% copper and maximum ductility occurs with 70% copper. Some variations are (% zinc): violet brass (0.05%), gilding metal (5-15%), jewelry bronze (12.5%), red brass (15%), common or yellow brass (25-36%), Muntz metal (40%), and white brass (66%). Below 36% zinc, brass has good mechanical properties; it is strong, malleable, ductile and corrosion resistant. Slight additions of other metals can change the properties: iron hardens brass, lead improves machinability, tin and/or aluminum increase corrosion resistance white manganese, silicon and nickel increase strength.
 See also [[admiralty metal]], [[aluminum brass]], [[red brass]], [[yellow brass]], [[Muntz metal]].
+[[File:17.2020-SC34981.jpg|thumb|Brass drum<br>MFA# 17.2020]]
-[[File:17.2020-SC34981.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 17.2020]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
@@ Line 13: / Line 12: @@
 orichalcum; aurichalcum; messing (Ned.); Messing (Deut.); laiton (Fr.); ottone (It.); latão (Port.) latón (Esp.); mässing (Sven.); Aich's metal; cook metal; red brass; yellow brass; Muntz metal; English brass; green brass; ormolu; pinchbeck; Sterro metal; white tombac; cartridge brass;
-== Hazards and Safety ==
+== Personal Risks ==
+* Flammable in powdered form.
-Flammable in powdered form. May cause allergic reactions in some people.
+* May cause allergic reactions in some people.
+==Collection Risks==
+* Brass will corrode in the presence of moisture, chlorides, acetates, ammonia and some acids
+* Copper in the brass can react with sulfur to for brown or black layers that may later be reduced to a blue-green patina
+* Exposure to ammonia can result in cracking (called season or stress)
+==Environmental Risks==
+As of 2020, almost 90% of brass is recycled.  Since it is not ferromagnetic, it is separated from other metals by a large magnet , then melted into pellet
-== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
+==Additional Images==
+<gallery>
+File:Microstructure of rolled and annealed brass; magnification 400X.jpg|thumb|Microstructure of rolled and annealed brass; mag. 400x
+File:Brass powder.jpg|Brass powder
+File:Printed brass-cropped.jpg|Printed brass
+</gallery>
+==Resources and Citations==
+* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass Brass] Accessed August 2024
 * Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
 * R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
 * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 114
 * Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
 * ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
+* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Brass." Accessed 8 July 2004.
-* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Brass." Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 July 2004  .
 * ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996
 * Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
 * George Savage, ''Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook'', Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
 * ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
 * Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
 * ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
+* Brass at www.answers.com
-* Website address 1  Comment: Brass at www.answers.com
-[[Category:Materials database]]
+[[Category:Materials database]][[Category:MWG]][[Category:Metal]]