Difference between revisions of "Polyurethane"

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== Description ==
 
== Description ==
  
A family of polymers made by a condensation reaction of an organic isocyanate with a compound containing a hydroxyl group, such as glycol. Polymers of this type ('''ester type''') were first made in 1937 by Otto Bayer at I.G.Farben. During W.W.II, Germany made brush [[bristle|bristles]] and filtration fabrics from Perlon U, an early polyurethane. In the 1950's another type of polyurethane using an ether starting compound ('''ether type''') was used to produce elastomeric polyurethane fiber called [[Spandex fiber|spandex]]. Spandex has elastic characteristics similar to [[natural rubber]]. In addition to fibers, elastomeric polyurethanes are used for [[sealant |sealants]], [[adhesive| adhesives]], [[film| films]], and automobile bumpers. Polyurethanes can be rigid or soft, [[thermoset| thermosetting]] or [[thermoplastic]]. Additionally, they react with isocyanates to produce a foamed resin. Polyurethane resins are also used as [[coating |coatings]] where they provide excellent [[hardness (solids)|hardness]], [[gloss]], and resistance to [[weathering]], [[abrasion]], [[acid|acids]], and [[alkali |alkalis]]. Flexible and rigid polyurethane foams are used for insulation, furniture, mattresses, laminates, carpet cushions, upholstery, soundproofing, flotation devices, packaging, and filtration.
+
A family of polymers made by a condensation reaction of an organic isocyanate with a compound containing a hydroxyl group, such as glycol. Polymers of this type ('''ester type''') were first made in 1937 by Otto Bayer at I.G.Farben. During W.W.II, Germany made brush [[bristle|bristles]] and filtration fabrics from Perlon U, an early polyurethane. In the 1950s another type of polyurethane using an ether starting compound ('''ether type''') was used to produce elastomeric polyurethane fiber called [[Spandex fiber|spandex]]. Spandex has elastic characteristics similar to [[natural rubber]]. In addition to fibers, elastomeric polyurethanes are used for [[sealant |sealants]], [[adhesive| adhesives]], [[film| films]], and automobile bumpers. Polyurethanes can be rigid or soft, [[thermoset| thermosetting]] or [[thermoplastic]]. Additionally, they react with isocyanates to produce a foamed resin. Polyurethane resins are also used as [[coating |coatings]] where they provide excellent [[hardness (solids)|hardness]], [[gloss]], and resistance to [[weathering]], [[abrasion]], [[acid|acids]], and [[alkali |alkalis]]. Flexible and rigid polyurethane foams are used for insulation, furniture, mattresses, laminates, carpet cushions, upholstery, soundproofing, flotation devices, packaging, and filtration.
  
 
{| class="wikitable"  
 
{| class="wikitable"  
|+table of various types of Polyurethanes and their characteristics
+
|+Table of Polyurethane variations and their Characteristics
 
|-
 
|-
! Types!!Properties!!Forms!!Uses
+
! Types!!Properties!!Forms!!Characteristics!!Uses
 
|-
 
|-
|Poly'''ether''' urethane|| thermoset || flexible open cells || foam padding, mattresses
+
|Poly'''ether''' urethane|| thermoset || flexible open cells || lightweight, resistant to solvents, allows vapor penetration, larger bubbles||foam padding, mattresses
 
|-
 
|-
|Poly'''ester''' urethane|| thermoset || flexible open cells || packing foam insulation, soundproofing, shock absorption
+
|Poly'''ester''' urethane|| thermoset || flexible open cells || lightweight, resistant to moisture, allows vapor penetration, smaller bubbles||packing foam, insulation, soundproofing, shock absorption, pink anti-static foam
 
|-
 
|-
|Poly'''ether''' urethane|| thermoset || rigid closed cells ||  
+
|Poly'''ether''' urethane|| thermoset || rigid closed cells || dense, resistant to solvents|| thermal insulation, tool making, wood replacemnet
 
|-
 
|-
|Poly'''ester''' urethane|| thermoset || rigid closed cells ||  
+
|Poly'''ester''' urethane|| thermoset || rigid closed cells || dense, resitant to water||thermal and moisture insulation, tool making, wood replacement
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Poly'''ether''' urethane|| thermoplastic (PUR) || soft to rigid || textiles, upholstery, elastane
 
|Poly'''ether''' urethane|| thermoplastic (PUR) || soft to rigid || textiles, upholstery, elastane

Revision as of 11:52, 4 July 2020

L'Enquêteur
MFA# 1989.818
Polyurethane chair
MFA# 1996.111

Description

A family of polymers made by a condensation reaction of an organic isocyanate with a compound containing a hydroxyl group, such as glycol. Polymers of this type (ester type) were first made in 1937 by Otto Bayer at I.G.Farben. During W.W.II, Germany made brush bristles and filtration fabrics from Perlon U, an early polyurethane. In the 1950s another type of polyurethane using an ether starting compound (ether type) was used to produce elastomeric polyurethane fiber called spandex. Spandex has elastic characteristics similar to Natural rubber. In addition to fibers, elastomeric polyurethanes are used for sealants, adhesives, films, and automobile bumpers. Polyurethanes can be rigid or soft, thermosetting or Thermoplastic. Additionally, they react with isocyanates to produce a foamed resin. Polyurethane resins are also used as coatings where they provide excellent hardness, Gloss, and resistance to Weathering, Abrasion, acids, and alkalis. Flexible and rigid polyurethane foams are used for insulation, furniture, mattresses, laminates, carpet cushions, upholstery, soundproofing, flotation devices, packaging, and filtration.

Table of Polyurethane variations and their Characteristics
Types Properties Forms Characteristics Uses
Polyether urethane thermoset flexible open cells lightweight, resistant to solvents, allows vapor penetration, larger bubbles foam padding, mattresses
Polyester urethane thermoset flexible open cells lightweight, resistant to moisture, allows vapor penetration, smaller bubbles packing foam, insulation, soundproofing, shock absorption, pink anti-static foam
Polyether urethane thermoset rigid closed cells dense, resistant to solvents thermal insulation, tool making, wood replacemnet
Polyester urethane thermoset rigid closed cells dense, resitant to water thermal and moisture insulation, tool making, wood replacement
Polyether urethane thermoplastic (PUR) soft to rigid textiles, upholstery, elastane
Polyester urethane thermoplastic (PUR) soft to rigid skate wheels, safety helmets

Synonyms and Related Terms

PUR; poliuretano (Esp.); polyuréthane (Fr.); poliuretano (It.); poliuretano (Port.); spandex; elastane

Examples: Perlon® U [Ger.]; Lycra® [DuPont];

Applications

Personal Risks

Urethane burns with a bright flame producing a sharp odor and toxic fumes.

Fischer Fixing Systems: [Safety Data Sheet]

Collection Risks

FTIR

AaiCARDIO.jpg

FTIR

AaiPU-85.jpg

Potential degradation products are hydrogen cyanide and ammonia.

Polyether type urethanes are very susceptible to light degradation.

Polyester type urethanes are very susceptible to degradation at high humidities.

Polyurethane foams can yellow, become brittle and crumble.

Chlorine bleach may cause degradation.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Coatings are resistant to weathering, abrasion, acids and alkalis.

Attacked by aromatic solvents, chlorinated solvents, ozone, and nitrogen oxides.

Spot test for detection: dimethyl amino benzaldehyde in glacial acetic acid - positive reaction gives bright yellow color (Roff et al 1971)

CAS 9009-54-5

Working Properties

Additional Information

W.J.Roff, J.R.Scott, J.Pacitti (compilers) Handbook of Common Polymers:Fibres, Gilms, Plastics and Rubber Cleveland: CRC Press, Butterworth & Co., 1971.

Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below

water-based Polyurethane tested in 2003

Comparisons

Properties of Synthetic Fibers

Physical Properties for Selected Thermoplastic Resins

General Characteristics of Polymers

Sources Checked for Data in Record

  • C&ENews Aug 2004 - first developed by Otto Bayer in 1937.
  • Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
  • Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
  • Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
  • Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
  • Sharon Blank, An introduction to plastics and rubbers in collections, Studies in Conservation, 35, 53-63, 1990
  • M. Baker, E. McManus, 'History, Care and Handling of America's Spacesuits', JAIC, 31, 77-85, 1992
  • Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
  • Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  • Website address: www.me.umist.ac.uk.historyp/

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