Hemlock bark

Stripping Hemlock trees for tanning. Credit: Zadock Pratt Museum.

Portion of Pratt Rock showing a horse and hemlock tree. Credit: Pratt Rock Museum

Description

The bark extract from the Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and Western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla, contains up to 22% tannins. The extract, however, contains very little sugar for fermentation so organic acids generally need to be added to the tanning bath. Hemlock bark was an important vegetable tanning material in North America for many years producing the characteristic red leather of 19th century America (Roberts and Etherington 1982). The extract was also used as a dye to produce colors ranging from a pinkish tan to a dark gray. Native Americans used hemlock to dye basketry and blankets. Hemlock dye has fair lightfastness and good washfastness.

Synonyms and Related Terms

eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla); spruce bark; huid van een Canadese den (Ned);

Additional Information

M.Roberts, D.Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1982.

Sources Checked for Data in Record

• R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968

• Palmy Weigle, Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974

• Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982

• F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876

• Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Hemlock." Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 Aug. 2004 .