Lead-tin yellow
Description
A primrose to canary yellow manufactured pigment composed of lead stannate. Lead-tin yellow was used in European paintings from the beginning of the 14th century until the early years of the 18th century, although it had largely disappeared from painting at the end of the 17th century when it was replaced by yellow Naples yellow (lead antimonate yellow). Lead-tin yellow was rediscovered and made synthetically in 1941 by Richard Jacobi of the Doerner-Institut in Munich. Two distinct varieties are known, designated type I and type II in modern terminology. Both types are made by heating together lead and tin oxides in a furnace; for type II, sand (silicon dioxide) is included in the starting materials. These yellow pigments are stable and have been used as opacifiers and colorants in glass and ceramic glazes. Lead-tin yellow is made by heating a mixture of oxide lead oxide with oxide tin dioxide to temperatures of 650-800C (type I, tetragonal) or, with silica, to 900-950C (type II, cubic pyrochlore). The two types possess different crystal structures which can be distinguished by diffraction X-ray diffraction. Both types are lightfast and essentially stable in all paint media, although type I, particularly, has a strong propensity to interact with oil binding media to form colourless inclusions now known to be composed of soap lead soaps. It is an accident of terminology that type II has the earlier history enjoying widespread use in the 14th century, then tending to be replaced by type I during the second quarter of the 15th century. However both varieties were in use in Venetian painting in the 16th century. Lead-tin yellow was often used in mixtures with other pigments such as white lead white, vermilion, azurite, verdigris, and indigo.
Synonyms and Related Terms
lead stannate; lead tin yellow; jaune de plomb tain (Fr.); Bleinzinngelb (Deut.); amarillo de plomo estano (Esp.); kitrino molybdoy - kassiteroy (Gr.); giallo di piombo e stagno (giallorino) (It.); lood-tingeel (Ned.); amarelo de estanho e chumbo (Port.)
(It is now generally thought the following historic terms referred to lead-tin yellow: giallolino; giallorino; massicot; masticot)
Other Properties
Unaffected by dilute acids and alkalis.
Microscopically, lead-tin yellow I has very fine, slightly rounded particles with a high refractive index, while type II usually contains larger, angular particles, sometimes with conchoidal fracture. Lead-tin yellow I is birefracting. Lead-tin yellow II is isotropic.
| Composition | Pb2SnO4 (type I); Pb(Sn,Si)O3 (type II) |
|---|---|
| Refractive Index | 2.29; 2.31 |
Hazards and Safety
Toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Skin contact may cause irritation or ulcers. Carcinogen, teratogen, suspected mutagen.
Darkens when exposed to sulfur fumes.
Additional Information
H. Kuhn, "Lead-Tin Yellow", Artists Pigments, Volume 2, A. Roy (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1993. E. Martin and A. Duval Les deux varits de jaune de plomb e dtain: tude chronologique, Studies in Conservation, 35, 1990, 117-36. Record content reviewed by EU-Artech, November 2007.
Additional Images
Lead-tin yellow
Lead-tin oxide
Authority
- Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Ashok Roy (ed.), National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, Vol. 2, 1993 Comment: H. Kuhn, "Lead-Tin Yellow"
- The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Pigments"
- External source or communication, External source or communication Comment: Contributed information: Ashok Roy, November 2007
- Michael McCann, Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
- R. Newman, E. Farrell, R. Newman, E. Farrell, 'House Paint Pigments', Paint in America , R. Moss ed., Preservation Press, New York City, 1994
- Thomas B. Brill, Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
- Book and Paper Group, Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
- Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
- Website address 1, Website address 1 Comment: Pigments through the Ages http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/pbsnyellow.html