Difference between revisions of "Category:Gamboge: Ukiyo-e colorant"

Latest revision as of 20:06, 6 May 2024

Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems by Okumura Masanobu

Gamboge 藤黄 (tōō): A yellow-orange gum resin produced by several species of the Garcinia tree, such as Garcinia morella found in South Asia and Garcinia hanburyi found in Southeast Asia. Gamboge is composed of a yellow resinous component (70-80%; morelloflavone) and a clear water-soluble Gum (20%). It was collected in South Asia by cutting a large piece off the trunk. The exuding sap from the exposed wood was scraped off and dried. In Southeast Asia, most notably Thailand, gamboge was obtained by scoring the trunk and collecting the sap in bamboo canes. Once the sap solidified, the bamboo was roasted over a fire during which the bamboo cracked or the moisture in the gamboge evaporated to shrink and detach from the bamboo to reveal a cylindrical shaped gamboge. Crushed into powder, it becomes a bright yellow. Gamboge was used as a yellow pigment as early as the 8th century in Asia and Japan. During the Edo period (1603–1868), gamboge was known to have been imported from Siam (Thailand) and Cochin (Vietnam; could also be Kochi, India).

Gamboge produces a transparent yellow which was frequently hand-painted on prints dating from the 1690s to the 1740s. After the introduction of full color printing, its use seems to decline perhaps because the other yellows were easier to obtain and/or print and mix with other colorants.

For additional information see: Gamboge, Uemura Dye Archive: Gamboge 195, Garcinia hanburyi (Kew), Garcinia morella (Kew)

Examples of Gamboge in Ukiyo-e Prints


Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu


Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu


Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu


Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu


Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu

Analysis

Gamboge does not fluoresce under UVA radiation and does not produce a distinct pattern using Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy. This, in itself is unique because of the possible yellow colorants analyzed, it is the only bright yellow colorant that not only does not fluoresce but also absorbs the fluorescence emitted by the paper. This negative indication can be sometimes used to assign the presence of gamboge.

3D EEM plot of Gamboge

Images of Gamboge

Garcinia morella, by India Biodiversity Portal
Gamboge pieces
Gamboge pieces
Gamboge powder
Gamboge at 100x
Gamboge at 200x
Paper dyed with gamboge
Printed gamboge

List of Prints

Below is a list of prints where gamboge was detected.

Pages in category "Gamboge: Ukiyo-e colorant"

The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total.

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Toshinobu, Actors Matsushima Hyôtarô as the Courtesan Senzai and Nakamura Ujûrô and Nanboku Magotarô as Samurai, 11.13225

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:SC207014.jpg|right|200px|link=Koryusai, Descending Geese at Mimeguri, from the series Fashionable Eight Views of Edo, 11.14627|Descending Geese at Mimeguri by Isoda Koryusai]]
+[[File:SC206496.jpg|right|400px|link=Masanobu, Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems, by the Authentic Originator of Color Printing and Perspective Prints, 11.13344|Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems by Okumura Masanobu]]
-<font size="3">'''[[Gamboge]]'''</font> 藤黄(''to-o''):  A yellow-orange gum-resin produced by several species of ''Garcinia'' tree found in India, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Ceylon. Gamboge was used as a yellow pigment as early as the 8th century in Asia and Japan. Gamboge is composed of a yellow resinous component (70-80%; morelloflavone) and a clear water-soluble [[gum]] (20%). Gamboge is obtained scoring the trunks of trees of at least ten years of age in order to let the poisonous milky yellow resin drip into hollow bamboo canes. Once the resin has congealed, the bamboo is roasted over fire to evaporate remaining moisture. Then the bamboo it broken away to reveal rods of raw gamboge which are then pulverized. Once pulverized, the color of gamboge is transformed from a dull to bright yellow.
+<font size="3">'''[[Gamboge]]'''</font> 藤黄 (''tōō''):  A yellow-orange gum resin produced by several species of the ''Garcinia'' tree, such as ''Garcinia morella'' found in South Asia and ''Garcinia hanburyi'' found in Southeast Asia. Gamboge is composed of a yellow resinous component (70-80%; morelloflavone) and a clear water-soluble [[Gum|gum]] (20%). It was collected in South Asia by cutting a large piece off the trunk. The exuding sap from the exposed wood was scraped off and dried. In Southeast Asia, most notably Thailand, gamboge was obtained by scoring the trunk and collecting the sap in bamboo canes. Once the sap solidified, the bamboo was roasted over a fire during which the bamboo cracked or the moisture in the gamboge evaporated to shrink and detach from the bamboo to reveal a cylindrical shaped gamboge. Crushed into powder, it becomes a bright yellow. Gamboge was used as a yellow pigment as early as the 8th century in Asia and Japan. During the Edo period (1603–1868), gamboge was known to have been imported from Siam (Thailand) and Cochin (Vietnam; could also be Kochi, India).
-Gamboge produces a clear transparent yellow which was frequently hand-painted on prints dating from the1690’s to the 1740’s. After the introduction of full color printing, its use seems to decline perhaps because the other yellows were easier to obtain and/or print and mix with other colorants.
+Gamboge produces a transparent yellow which was frequently hand-painted on prints dating from the 1690s to the 1740s. After the introduction of full color printing, its use seems to decline perhaps because the other yellows were easier to obtain and/or print and mix with other colorants.
-'''For additional information see:''' [[Gamboge]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:427987-1 ''Garcinia hanburyi'' (Kew)]
+'''For additional information see:''' [[Gamboge]], Uemura Dye Archive: [[Touou/Kusashiō (Gamboge) - left (195 L)|Gamboge 195]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:427987-1 ''Garcinia hanburyi'' (Kew)], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3285297-4 ''Garcinia morella'' (Kew)]
+<br>
 <br>
@@ Line 43: / Line 44: @@
 == Analysis ==
-Gamboge does not fluoresce under UVA radiation and does not produce a distinct pattern using Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy. Of the possible yellow colorants analyzed, it is the only bright yellow colorant that not only does not fluoresce but also absorbs the fluorescence emitted by the paper. This negative indication was sometimes used to assign the presence of gamboge.
+Gamboge does not fluoresce under UVA radiation and does not produce a distinct pattern using Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy. This, in itself is unique because of the possible yellow colorants analyzed, it is the only bright yellow colorant that not only does not fluoresce but also absorbs the fluorescence emitted by the paper. This negative indication can be sometimes used to assign the presence of gamboge.
 <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
 Gamboge color.PNG|<center>3D EEM plot of Gamboge</center>
@@ Line 50: / Line 51: @@
 ==Images of Gamboge==
 <gallery>
+File:Garcmore_03.jpg|''Garcinia morella'', <small>by India Biodiversity Portal</small>|link=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/12281
 File:gamboge_pieces_1.jpg|Gamboge pieces
-File:296 gamboge.jpg|Gamboge, powdered
+File:Gamboge.jpg|Gamboge pieces
-File:Gamboge C100x.jpg|Gamboge: Vis (left) UV (right)
+File:296 gamboge.jpg|Gamboge powder
-File:15_Powd_gamboge_200X.jpg|Gamboge, transmitted light
+File:Gamboge C100x.jpg|Gamboge at 100x
+File:15_Powd_gamboge_200X.jpg|Gamboge at 200x
 File:gamboge_dyed paper.jpg|Paper dyed with gamboge
+File:Printed gamboge-cropped.jpg|Printed gamboge
 </gallery>
 ==List of Prints ==
 Below is a list of prints where gamboge was detected.