Red/Yellow Mixtures:
Oranges are commonly found by overprinting a red and yellow colorant or through mixing these colors. Safflower and orpiment appear to be the most common combination. Other combinations of reds and yellows have also been used to create various oranges.
Red/Yellow combinations detected so far include:
- madder, orpiment
- madder, turmeric
- sappanwood, flavonoid
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- safflower, flavonoid
- safflower, orpiment
- safflower, turmeric
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- red lead, orpiment
- red lead, flavonoid
- red lead, iron oxide yellow
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Examples of Red/Yellow Mixtures in Ukiyo-e Prints
Analysis
A combination of Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy, Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect the various reds and yellows.
3D EEM plots for Red references
3D EEM plots for Yellow references
List of Prints
Below is a list of prints where the various Red/Yellow mixtures were detected.
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