X-radiography
Description
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered the X-rays in November 1895. For this, he was distinguished by the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. Very shortly after his discovery, he made the first radiograph: his wife’s hand. This first image yet contained all the main possibilities of this technique: transmission through opaque media, discrimination between different materials (soft tissues, bones & metals), perceptibility of inner details of the structure. Within a month of his discovery a radiograph of a weld has already been published. Radiography became rapidly a technique used for medical diagnosis & for industrial non-destructive testing.
Radiography is one of the more used non destructive examination technique in the cultural heritage area. It is based on the transmission of X-rays through the object to be controlled. The high energy radiation is emitted by an X-ray tube powered by a high voltage generator (from some kV to 450 kV). These radiations will penetrate different composition/density materials to varying degrees. The resulting variations of transmission of these radiations are recorded by a detector, generally a radiographic film. The resulting radiograph, owing to the differential absorption pattern, will thus permit to characterize the internal geometrical and/or compositional structure of an object, to localize & identify defects, voids, cracks, inserts, previous restorations, X-radiography is one of the major examination technique for easel paintings for examining the substrate structure (wood panel or canvas) as well as for comparing the variation in pigment types, visualizing cracks, previous restorations. When the penetration power of the X-rays become insufficient, one can use Gamma radiography or radiography with an accelerator (for instance for large stone of metal statues).
Synonyms and Related Terms
radiographie X (Fr.); Röntgendurchstrahlung (Deut.); radiografia de raios X (Port.)
Resources and Citations
- P.A. Ruault, Radiologie industrielle, 2 vol., Paris, Institute de Soudure (1991)
- R. Halmshaw, Industrial radiology: theory and practice (2nd edition), Chapman & Hall, London (1995)
- R.H.Bossi, F. Iddings, G.C. Wheeler, P.O. Moore, Nondestructive testing handbook, vol 4, Radiographic testing, 3rd edition, Columbus OH, ASNT, (2002)
- Eastman-Kodak, Radiography in modern industry (4th edition), Rochester, (1980): Link 1 & Link 2
- General Electric Inspection Technologies, Industrial radiography – Image forming techniques : Link
- Fujifilm, The fundamental of industrial radiography: Link
- M. Hours, La radiographie des oeuvres d'art, in Idées et Découvertes, Encyclopaedia Universalis, Paris, 240-243 (1978)
- M. Hours, Les secrets des chefs d'oeuvre, R. Laffont, Paris (1964)
- A. Middleton, J. Lang, Radiography of cultural material, 2nd edition, London, Butterworth – Heinemann (2005)
- A. Gilardoni, L. Ascani Orsini, R. Ascani Orsini, M. Taccani Gilardoni & al., X-rays in art - I raggi X nell'arte (2nd edition), Gilardoni, Mandello Lario (1984)
- D. Graham, T. Eddie, X-ray techniques in art galleries and museums, A. Hilger, Bristol (1985)
- E. Ravaud, La radiographie des peintures. Apport en histoire des techniques picturales & en conservation restauration, Thesis, Université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne, Paris (February 2011)