Difference between revisions of "Monel"

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[[File:Gibsonguitar 2001.239.jpg|thumb|Strings on Electric Guitar; MFA 2001.239]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
  
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[Special Metals Corporation, formerly Inco] A registered trademark for a series of metal alloys composed of [[nickel|nickel]] and [[copper|copper]]. In 1901, Monel was created by Robert Crooks Stanley in 1901, who worked for the International Nickel Company. It was patented in 1906. As a natural alloy, the first Monel was composed of about 67-70% nickel, 25-29% copper with small amounts of [[iron|iron]], [[manganese|manganese]], and/or [[silicon|silicon]]. From 1909 to the mid-1950s, variations of this bright white metal were popular for architectural applications (sinks, countertops, grillwork, roofing, etc.) because it was stronger than steel, readily fabricated, and corrosion resistant. Currently, Monel alloys are synthetically mixed and used as marine parts and nontarnishing staples.  See [[Monel staples]].
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[Special Metals Corporation, formerly Inco] A registered trademark for a series of metal alloys composed of [[nickel|nickel]] and [[copper|copper]]. In 1901, Monel was created by Robert Crooks Stanley in 1901, who worked for the International Nickel Company. It was patented in 1906. As a natural alloy, the first Monel was composed of about 67-70% nickel, 25-29% copper with small amounts of [[iron|iron]], [[manganese|manganese]], and/or [[silicon|silicon]]. From 1909 to the mid-1950s, variations of this bright white metal were popular for architectural applications (sinks, countertops, grillwork, roofing, etc.) because it was stronger than steel, readily fabricated, and corrosion resistant. Currently, Monel alloys are synthetically mixed and used as marine parts and nontarnishing [[Monel staples|staples]].  Monel is used as the material for valve pistons or rotors in some higher quality musical instruments such as trumpets, tubas, French horns as well as for mandolin and electric bass strings (Gibson Guitar 1930 and RotoSound  1962). Additionally Monel was used for the strings on guitars by Gibson Guitars.
  
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-S Monel has 3.75% silicon and is used for castings and valves.
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Early desginations were specified as:
  
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-K Monel is an age hardened version of the natural alloy.  
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* S Monel has 3.75% silicon and is used for castings and valves.
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* K Monel is an age hardened version of the natural alloy.
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* R Monel contains 67% nickel, 30% copper and 0.35% sulfur. It has high strength.
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* H Monel contains 63% nickel, 31% copper, 3% silicon, 2% iron, 0.7% manganese.
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* Z Monel contains 98% nickel.
  
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-R Monel contains 67% nickel, 30% copper and 0.35% sulfur. It has high strength.
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More recent designations are numbered as:
  
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-H Monel contains 63% nickel, 31% copper, 3% silicon, 2% iron, 0.7% manganese.  
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{|class="wikitable"
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! Trade Name
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-Z Monel contains 98% nickel.
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! ASTM
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Alloy type
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! Unified numbering<br>system (UNS)
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! %Cu
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! %Al
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! %Ti
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! %Fe
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! %Mn
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! %Si
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! %Ni
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|-
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|Monel 400||B 127, B 164||N04400||28–34|| || ||2.5 max||2.0 max|| 0.5 max
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|63 min
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|-
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|Monel 401|| ||N04401||28–34|| || ||2.5 max||2.0 max|| ||63 min
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|-
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|Monel 404|| ||N04404||Rem|| 0.05 max
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| ||0.5 max||0.1 max|| 0.1 max
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|52–57
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|-
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|Monel K-500||B 865||N05500||27–33||2.3–3.15||0.35–0.85||2.0 max||1.5 max|| 0.5 max
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|63 min
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|-
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|Monel 405||B 164||N04405||28–34|| || ||2.5 max||2.0 max||0.5 max||63 min
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|}
  
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
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Monel alloys can be finished as a white silver with a high polish, as a pewter-like matte gray or with a thin black oxide layer.  Indoors, it oxidizes to form a clear layer, but can form a gray-green film outdoors.
 
Monel alloys can be finished as a white silver with a high polish, as a pewter-like matte gray or with a thin black oxide layer.  Indoors, it oxidizes to form a clear layer, but can form a gray-green film outdoors.
  
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== Additional Information ==
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Nickel metal and alloys are skin and respiratory sensitizers, as well as carcinogens.
  
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Derek Trelstad, "Monel", in ''Twentieth-Century Building Materials'', T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
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== Resources and Citations ==
  
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== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
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* Derek Trelstad, "Monel", in ''Twentieth-Century Building Materials'', T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
  
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 400
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 400
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* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
 
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  
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* Website address 2  Comment: http://www.incoltd.com/aboutinco/centennialHistory.asp# - Rolling mill built in WV for production of Monel in 1921
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* Website: http://www.incoltd.com/aboutinco/centennialHistory.asp# - Rolling mill built in WV for production of Monel in 1921
  
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* Website address 1  Comment: www.hpalloy.com/datasheets/400
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* Website: www.hpalloy.com/datasheets/400
  
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* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: Monel
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* Wikipedia at [[|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monel|Monel]]).
  
  
  
 
[[Category:Materials database]]
 
[[Category:Materials database]]

Latest revision as of 12:10, 23 August 2022

Strings on Electric Guitar; MFA 2001.239

Description

[Special Metals Corporation, formerly Inco] A registered trademark for a series of metal alloys composed of Nickel and Copper. In 1901, Monel was created by Robert Crooks Stanley in 1901, who worked for the International Nickel Company. It was patented in 1906. As a natural alloy, the first Monel was composed of about 67-70% nickel, 25-29% copper with small amounts of Iron, Manganese, and/or Silicon. From 1909 to the mid-1950s, variations of this bright white metal were popular for architectural applications (sinks, countertops, grillwork, roofing, etc.) because it was stronger than steel, readily fabricated, and corrosion resistant. Currently, Monel alloys are synthetically mixed and used as marine parts and nontarnishing staples. Monel is used as the material for valve pistons or rotors in some higher quality musical instruments such as trumpets, tubas, French horns as well as for mandolin and electric bass strings (Gibson Guitar 1930 and RotoSound 1962). Additionally Monel was used for the strings on guitars by Gibson Guitars.

Early desginations were specified as:

  • S Monel has 3.75% silicon and is used for castings and valves.
  • K Monel is an age hardened version of the natural alloy.
  • R Monel contains 67% nickel, 30% copper and 0.35% sulfur. It has high strength.
  • H Monel contains 63% nickel, 31% copper, 3% silicon, 2% iron, 0.7% manganese.
  • Z Monel contains 98% nickel.

More recent designations are numbered as:

Trade Name ASTM

Alloy type

Unified numbering
system (UNS) 		%Cu %Al %Ti %Fe %Mn %Si %Ni
Monel 400 B 127, B 164 N04400 28–34 2.5 max 2.0 max 0.5 max 63 min
Monel 401 N04401 28–34 2.5 max 2.0 max 63 min
Monel 404 N04404 Rem 0.05 max 0.5 max 0.1 max 0.1 max 52–57
Monel K-500 B 865 N05500 27–33 2.3–3.15 0.35–0.85 2.0 max 1.5 max 0.5 max 63 min
Monel 405 B 164 N04405 28–34 2.5 max 2.0 max 0.5 max 63 min

Synonyms and Related Terms

Monel-Plymetyl; monel (Fr.); Monelmetall (Deut.)

Physical and Chemical Properties

Monel alloys can be finished as a white silver with a high polish, as a pewter-like matte gray or with a thin black oxide layer. Indoors, it oxidizes to form a clear layer, but can form a gray-green film outdoors.

Nickel metal and alloys are skin and respiratory sensitizers, as well as carcinogens.

Resources and Citations

  • Derek Trelstad, "Monel", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 400
  • Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
  • Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
  • Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
  • Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
  • Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  • Website: www.hpalloy.com/datasheets/400

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