Difference between revisions of "Citrine"
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== Description == | == Description == | ||
| − | A pale yellow to red-orange [[quartz]] [[gemstone]] that contains trace [[iron]] impurities. Citrine is found in western Europe, Scotland, Brazil, Uruguay, Africa, Malagasy Republic, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, the Urals, and the United States. Many ancient citrines have been incorrectly identified as [[topaz]]. Currently, most gems sold as | + | A pale yellow to red-orange [[quartz]] [[gemstone]] that contains trace [[iron]] impurities. Citrine is found in western Europe, Scotland, Brazil, Uruguay, Africa, Malagasy Republic, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, the Urals, and the United States. Many ancient citrines have been incorrectly identified as [[topaz]]. Currently, most gems sold as citrine are actually heat-treated [[amethyst|amethysts]]. Ametrine is a stone that contains both citrine and amethyst, i.e. zones of purple and yellow. |
| − | |||
[[File:citrineCrystalkes.jpg|thumb|Citrine crystal]] | [[File:citrineCrystalkes.jpg|thumb|Citrine crystal]] | ||
== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
Madeira topaz; ametrine; false topaz; Spanish topaz; Occidental topaz; topaz quartz; Citrin (Deut.); citrine (Fr.); cytryn (Pol.); citrino (Esp., Port.); citrien (Ned.) | Madeira topaz; ametrine; false topaz; Spanish topaz; Occidental topaz; topaz quartz; Citrin (Deut.); citrine (Fr.); cytryn (Pol.); citrino (Esp., Port.); citrien (Ned.) | ||
| − | [[[SliderGallery rightalign|Ametrine, purple, 785, 100.TIF~Raman purple(MFA)|Ametrine, yellow, 785, 100.TIF~Raman yellow(MFA)]]] | + | [[[SliderGallery rightalign|Ametrine, purple, 785, 100.TIF~Raman purple (MFA)|Ametrine, yellow, 785, 100.TIF~Raman yellow (MFA)|Quartz.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]] |
== Physical and Chemical Properties == | == Physical and Chemical Properties == | ||
| − | * Trigonal crystal system | + | * Trigonal crystal system |
| − | * Low birefringence | + | * Low birefringence |
| − | * Low thermal expansion | + | * Low thermal expansion |
| − | * Fracture = conchoidal | + | * Fracture = conchoidal |
| − | * Luster = vitreous to greasy | + | * Luster = vitreous to greasy |
| − | * Streak = white | + | * Streak = white |
| + | * Fluorescence = generally inert | ||
| + | * Pleochroism = very weak with tone of yellow-orange in yellow ; weak to moderate reddish purple in purple | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 28: | Line 29: | ||
! scope="row"| Density | ! scope="row"| Density | ||
| 2.65 g/ml | | 2.65 g/ml | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! scope="row"| Refractive index | ||
| + | | 1.544 - 1.553 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! scope="row"| Birefringence | ||
| + | | 0.009 | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 35: | Line 42: | ||
==Resources and Citations== | ==Resources and Citations== | ||
| + | * Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016. | ||
* Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Quartz.shtml Quartz] | * Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Quartz.shtml Quartz] | ||
| − | |||
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 646 | * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 646 | ||
| − | |||
* ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 | * ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 | ||
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "citrine." Accessed: 7 Apr. 2005 . | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "citrine." Accessed: 7 Apr. 2005 . | ||
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* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979 | * C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979 | ||
| − | |||
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrine (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005) | * Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrine (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005) | ||
| − | |||
* Thomas Gregory, ''The Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942 | * Thomas Gregory, ''The Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942 | ||
| − | |||
* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 | * ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 | ||
| − | |||
* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | * Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | ||
| − | |||
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | * ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | ||
Revision as of 10:48, 16 December 2022
Description
A pale yellow to red-orange Quartz Gemstone that contains trace Iron impurities. Citrine is found in western Europe, Scotland, Brazil, Uruguay, Africa, Malagasy Republic, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, the Urals, and the United States. Many ancient citrines have been incorrectly identified as Topaz. Currently, most gems sold as citrine are actually heat-treated amethysts. Ametrine is a stone that contains both citrine and amethyst, i.e. zones of purple and yellow.
Synonyms and Related Terms
Madeira topaz; ametrine; false topaz; Spanish topaz; Occidental topaz; topaz quartz; Citrin (Deut.); citrine (Fr.); cytryn (Pol.); citrino (Esp., Port.); citrien (Ned.)
Physical and Chemical Properties
- Trigonal crystal system
- Low birefringence
- Low thermal expansion
- Fracture = conchoidal
- Luster = vitreous to greasy
- Streak = white
- Fluorescence = generally inert
- Pleochroism = very weak with tone of yellow-orange in yellow ; weak to moderate reddish purple in purple
| Composition | SiO2 |
|---|---|
| Mohs Hardness | 7.0 |
| Density | 2.65 g/ml |
| Refractive index | 1.544 - 1.553 |
| Birefringence | 0.009 |
Comparisons
Properties of Common Gemstones
Resources and Citations
- Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
- Mineralogy Database: Quartz
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 646
- Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
- Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "citrine." Accessed: 7 Apr. 2005 .
- C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
- Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrine (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005)
- Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
- Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
- Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
- The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998