Difference between revisions of "Azurite"

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[[File:64.632a-SC16047.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 64.632a]]
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[[File:64.632a-SC16047.jpg|thumb|Azurite jewelry<br>MFA#: 64.632a]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
  
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A deep blue mineral composed of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=basic+copper+carbonate basic copper carbonate] that is naturally found adjacent to the green copper carbonate mineral called [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=malachite malachite]. Azurite and malachite have been used as gemstones and paint pigments since ancient times. They are prepared as pigments by careful selection, grinding, washing, and levigation. Coarsely ground azurite gives a deep blue color while finely ground particles give a lighter more transparent tone. Azurite is lightfast but is sensitive to acids and sulfur fumes. Basic copper carbonate can also be made artificially by coloring [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=chalk chalk] with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=copper+sulfate copper sulfate]. The synthetic pigment, called [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=blue+verditer blue verditer], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=blue+bice blue bice], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Bremen+blue Bremen blue], or ashes blue, tends to have regularly sized particles with rounded edges. Their color is similar to finely ground azurite.
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A deep blue mineral composed of [[basic copper carbonate]] that is naturally found adjacent to the green copper carbonate mineral called [[malachite]]. Azurite and malachite have been used as gemstones and paint pigments since ancient times. They are prepared as pigments by careful selection, grinding, washing, and levigation. Coarsely ground azurite gives a deep blue color while finely ground particles give a lighter more transparent tone. Azurite is lightfast but is sensitive to acids and sulfur fumes. Basic copper carbonate can also be made artificially by coloring [[chalk]] with [[copper sulfate]]. The synthetic pigment, called [[blue verditer]], [[blue bice]], [[Bremen blue]], or ashes blue, tends to have regularly sized particles with rounded edges. Their color is similar to finely ground azurite.
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[[File:Azurite.statue.ovr.jpg|thumb|Azurite on bronze]]
 
[[File:azuritedw.jpg|thumb|Azurite]]
 
[[File:azuritedw.jpg|thumb|Azurite]]
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
 
basic copper carbonate (natural); Pigment Blue 30; CI 77420; bleu d'Allemagne (Fr.); Bergblau (Deut.); Bergasur; Azurit (Deut.); azurite (Fr., Port.); azzurrite (It.); azzurro della magna (It.); azurita (Esp.); azurium citramarinum; iwagunjo (Jap.); byaku gunjo (Jap.); shi ging (Chin.); mthing (Tibetan); azurro della magna; azoyritis (Gr.); azuriet (Ned.); blue verditer; mountain blue; ashes blue; blue ash; sky blue; German ash; Bremen blue; blue bice; Armenian stone; lapis armenius; chessylite; blue malachite; mineral blue; basic cupric carbonate; copper blue; chessy copper
 
basic copper carbonate (natural); Pigment Blue 30; CI 77420; bleu d'Allemagne (Fr.); Bergblau (Deut.); Bergasur; Azurit (Deut.); azurite (Fr., Port.); azzurrite (It.); azzurro della magna (It.); azurita (Esp.); azurium citramarinum; iwagunjo (Jap.); byaku gunjo (Jap.); shi ging (Chin.); mthing (Tibetan); azurro della magna; azoyritis (Gr.); azuriet (Ned.); blue verditer; mountain blue; ashes blue; blue ash; sky blue; German ash; Bremen blue; blue bice; Armenian stone; lapis armenius; chessylite; blue malachite; mineral blue; basic cupric carbonate; copper blue; chessy copper
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Azurite (Forbes MFA 452), 532 nm.TIF~Raman (MFA)|Azurite, cupric carbonate, 8.01.14.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|PIG452.jpg~XRD (MFA)|f452sem.jpg~SEM (MFA)|f452edsbw.jpg~EDS (MFA)]]]
  
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|AzuriteUCL.jpg~Raman|Azuriteitaly2.jpg~Raman|MFA- Azurite.jpg~FTIR|PIG452.jpg~XRD|f452sem.jpg~SEM|f452edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
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== Risks ==
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* Skin contact and inhalation may cause irritation or allergic reactions.  
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== Other Properties ==
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* Chronic exposure may cause anemia.
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== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
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Insoluble in water, ethanol.  Decomposes in acids with the evolution of carbon dioxide bubbles.  Turns black with warm alkalis, hydrogen sulfide or sulfur fumes.  
 
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Strong birefringence.  Highly refracting.  Pigment particles are irregular in size.  Pleochroic from pale blue to deep blue.
 
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Monoclinic tabular crystals.  Good cleavage in two directions.   
 
  
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Fracture = conchoidal. Luster = vitreous to dull.  Streak = blue.
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* Insoluble in [[water]], [[ethanol]]. 
 +
* Decomposes in acids with the evolution of [[carbon dioxide]] bubbles. 
 +
* Turns black with warm alkalis, [[hydrogen sulfide]], or sulfur fumes.   
 +
* Crystal system = monoclinic with massive, prismatic, stalactitic, or tabular crystals 
 +
* Cleavage = perfect in one direction; fair to poor in two directions
 +
* Fracture = conchoidal   
 +
* Luster = vitreous  
 +
* Streak = blue  
 +
* Fluorescence = inert
 +
* Pleochroic = moderate to strong in single crystals; pale blue to deep blue
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Density
 
! scope="row"| Density
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| 3.77-3.80
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| 3.77-3.80 g/ml
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
 
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
 
| 1.730; 1.838; 1.758
 
| 1.730; 1.838; 1.758
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|-
 +
! scope="row"| Birefringence
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| 0.106 - 0.108 (strong)
 
|}
 
|}
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== Hazards and Safety ==
 
−
 
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Skin contact and inhalation may cause irritation or allergic reactions. Chronic exposure may cause anemia.
 
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== Additional Information ==
 
−
 
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R. Gettens, and E. West Fitzhugh, "Azurite and Blue Verditer", ''Artists Pigments'', Vol. 2., A. Roy ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.  Pigments Through the Ages: [http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/azurite.html Azurite] Mineralogy Database: [http://webmineral.com/data/Azurite.shtml Azurite]
 
  
 
== Comparisons ==
 
== Comparisons ==
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[[media:download_file_6.pdf|xxx]]
 
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[[media:|Characteristics of Common Blue Pigments]]
 
  
 
[[media:download_file_499.pdf|Characteristics of Common Blue Pigments]]
 
[[media:download_file_499.pdf|Characteristics of Common Blue Pigments]]
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== Additional Images ==
 
== Additional Images ==
  
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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File:Azurite.statue.ovr.jpg|Azurite on bronze
 
 
File:Azurite.corr.det1.jpg|Azurite and malachite on bronze
 
File:Azurite.corr.det1.jpg|Azurite and malachite on bronze
 
File:452 azurite.jpg|Azurite
 
File:452 azurite.jpg|Azurite
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</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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==Resources and Citations==  
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== Authority ==
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* Ruth Siddall, 'Mineral Pigments in Archaeology: Their Analysis and the Range of Available Materials' ''Minerals'' Vol 8, p. 201 (2018). [https://www.academia.edu/36588315/Mineral_Pigments_in_Archaeology_Their_Analysis_and_the_Range_of_Available_Materials?email_work_card=view-paper Link]
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* R. Gettens, and E. West Fitzhugh, "Azurite and Blue Verditer", ''Artists Pigments'', Vol. 2., A. Roy ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: Azurite. Retrieved May 24, 2003, from Encyclopdia Britannica Premium Service.
+
* Pigments Through the Ages: [http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/azurite.html Azurite]
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* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
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* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966  Comment: p. 95
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* Mineralogy Database: [http://webmineral.com/data/Azurite.shtml Azurite]
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: Azurite. Retrieved May 24, 2003.
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* G.S.Brady, G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 232
+
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966  Comment: p. 95
−
 
+
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 232
−
* Ralph Mayer, Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
+
* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
−
 
+
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
−
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
 
−
 
 
 
* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996  Comment: Pigments
 
* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996  Comment: Pigments
−
 
+
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
−
* Michael McCann, Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
+
* R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
−
 
+
* Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
−
* R.D. Harley, R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
+
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
−
 
+
* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
−
* Jack Odgen, Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
+
* Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
−
 
 
−
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
 
−
 
 
−
* Thomas B. Brill, Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
 
−
 
 
−
* Book and Paper Group, Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
 
−
 
 
 
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: Entry # 2697
 
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: Entry # 2697
−
 
+
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azurite azurite] (Accessed (Sept 2 2005 and Dec 2022)
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* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azurite (Accessed (Sept 2 2005)
+
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
−
 
 
−
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
 
  
  
  
 
[[Category:Materials database]]
 
[[Category:Materials database]]

Latest revision as of 13:19, 28 February 2024

Azurite jewelry
MFA#: 64.632a

Description

A deep blue mineral composed of Basic copper carbonate that is naturally found adjacent to the green copper carbonate mineral called Malachite. Azurite and malachite have been used as gemstones and paint pigments since ancient times. They are prepared as pigments by careful selection, grinding, washing, and levigation. Coarsely ground azurite gives a deep blue color while finely ground particles give a lighter more transparent tone. Azurite is lightfast but is sensitive to acids and sulfur fumes. Basic copper carbonate can also be made artificially by coloring Chalk with Copper sulfate. The synthetic pigment, called Blue verditer, Blue bice, Bremen blue, or ashes blue, tends to have regularly sized particles with rounded edges. Their color is similar to finely ground azurite.

Azurite on bronze
Azurite

Synonyms and Related Terms

basic copper carbonate (natural); Pigment Blue 30; CI 77420; bleu d'Allemagne (Fr.); Bergblau (Deut.); Bergasur; Azurit (Deut.); azurite (Fr., Port.); azzurrite (It.); azzurro della magna (It.); azurita (Esp.); azurium citramarinum; iwagunjo (Jap.); byaku gunjo (Jap.); shi ging (Chin.); mthing (Tibetan); azurro della magna; azoyritis (Gr.); azuriet (Ned.); blue verditer; mountain blue; ashes blue; blue ash; sky blue; German ash; Bremen blue; blue bice; Armenian stone; lapis armenius; chessylite; blue malachite; mineral blue; basic cupric carbonate; copper blue; chessy copper

Raman (MFA)

Azurite (Forbes MFA 452), 532 nm.TIF

FTIR (MFA)

Azurite, cupric carbonate, 8.01.14.TIF

XRD (MFA)

PIG452.jpg

SEM (MFA)

F452sem.jpg

EDS (MFA)

F452edsbw.jpg


Risks

  • Skin contact and inhalation may cause irritation or allergic reactions.
  • Chronic exposure may cause anemia.

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Insoluble in Water, Ethanol.
  • Decomposes in acids with the evolution of Carbon dioxide bubbles.
  • Turns black with warm alkalis, Hydrogen sulfide, or sulfur fumes.
  • Crystal system = monoclinic with massive, prismatic, stalactitic, or tabular crystals
  • Cleavage = perfect in one direction; fair to poor in two directions
  • Fracture = conchoidal
  • Luster = vitreous
  • Streak = blue
  • Fluorescence = inert
  • Pleochroic = moderate to strong in single crystals; pale blue to deep blue
Composition 2CuCO3-Cu(OH)2
CAS 12069-69-1
Mohs Hardness 3.5 - 4.0
Density 3.77-3.80 g/ml
Refractive Index 1.730; 1.838; 1.758
Birefringence 0.106 - 0.108 (strong)

Comparisons

Characteristics of Common Blue Pigments

Additional Images

  • Azurite and malachite on bronze

  • Azurite

  • Azurite

  • azurite

  • Azurite pigment particles

  • Azurite pigment

Resources and Citations

  • Ruth Siddall, 'Mineral Pigments in Archaeology: Their Analysis and the Range of Available Materials' Minerals Vol 8, p. 201 (2018). Link
  • R. Gettens, and E. West Fitzhugh, "Azurite and Blue Verditer", Artists Pigments, Vol. 2., A. Roy ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.
  • Pigments Through the Ages: Azurite
  • Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
  • Mineralogy Database: Azurite
  • Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: Azurite. Retrieved May 24, 2003.
  • R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: p. 95
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 232
  • Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
  • C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
  • The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: Pigments
  • Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
  • R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
  • Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
  • A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
  • Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
  • Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
  • The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: Entry # 2697
  • Wikipedia: azurite (Accessed (Sept 2 2005 and Dec 2022)
  • Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

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