Difference between revisions of "Leather"
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| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Guild cup shoe.jpg|thumb|Guild cup ceremonial shoe<br>MFA# 44.563]] |
== Description == | == Description == | ||
A dehaired animal skin that has been chemically processed to prevent decay while retaining flexibility. The manufacture of leather dates to Neolithic and Bronze age times. Leather is processed by first mechanically cleaning the skin to remove the salt, blood, and dirt, Then the skin is soaked in an alkaline bath which causes the skin to swell and the hairs to loosen so they can be mechanically removed. Once the hair is removed, the skin is soaked in a weak acid solution to reduce the swelling and produce a soft, flexible, smooth-grain material. The skin is then soaked in a solution with a tanning agents. Tanning agents, either [[vegetable tannin|vegetable extracts]] like [[tannic acid]] or [[mineral tanned leather|mineral salts]] like chromates, penetrate the skin and react with the protein. Once tanned, the leather can then be dyed and lubricated, or dressed, with hot [[soap]], [[grease]], or [[wax]], to keep the skin supple and water repellent. For some leathers, the surface is finished with brushing, abrading, or glazing. Leathers have been used for clothing, footwear, harnesses, saddlery, bookbinding, upholstery, baggage, purses, and protective coverings. | A dehaired animal skin that has been chemically processed to prevent decay while retaining flexibility. The manufacture of leather dates to Neolithic and Bronze age times. Leather is processed by first mechanically cleaning the skin to remove the salt, blood, and dirt, Then the skin is soaked in an alkaline bath which causes the skin to swell and the hairs to loosen so they can be mechanically removed. Once the hair is removed, the skin is soaked in a weak acid solution to reduce the swelling and produce a soft, flexible, smooth-grain material. The skin is then soaked in a solution with a tanning agents. Tanning agents, either [[vegetable tannin|vegetable extracts]] like [[tannic acid]] or [[mineral tanned leather|mineral salts]] like chromates, penetrate the skin and react with the protein. Once tanned, the leather can then be dyed and lubricated, or dressed, with hot [[soap]], [[grease]], or [[wax]], to keep the skin supple and water repellent. For some leathers, the surface is finished with brushing, abrading, or glazing. Leathers have been used for clothing, footwear, harnesses, saddlery, bookbinding, upholstery, baggage, purses, and protective coverings. | ||
| + | For more information on animal skin structure, leather preparation, skin identification, and leather deterioration, please see: AIC Wikis for the Book and Paper Group: [https://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/BPG_Animal_Skin_and_Leather Animal Skin and Leather] and the Objects Group [https://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/Leather_and_Skin Leather and Skin] | ||
[[File:leathertools.jpg|thumb|Leather-making tools]] | [[File:leathertools.jpg|thumb|Leather-making tools]] | ||
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cuir (Fr.); piel (Esp.); cuero (Esp.);leer (Ned); cabedal (Port.); couro (Port.); | cuir (Fr.); piel (Esp.); cuero (Esp.);leer (Ned); cabedal (Port.); couro (Port.); | ||
| − | Various types include: aldehyde leather; alum leather; aniline leather; cabretta; chamois; chrome leather; deerskin; Cordoban leather; ecrase leather; glace; Morocco leather; patent leather; parchment; Russian leather; saffian leather; shagreen | + | Various types include: [[aldehyde leather]]; [[alum leather]]; [[aniline leather]]; [[Cabretta leather|cabretta]]; [[chamois leather]]; [[chrome leather]]; [[deerskin]]; [[Cordoban leather]]; ecrase leather; [[Glacé kid|glace]]; [[Morocco leather]]; [[patent leather]]; [[parchment]]; Russian leather; [[saffian leather]]; [[shagreen]]; [[skiver|skivers]]; [[Suede leather|suede]]; [[vellum]] |
| − | + | ==Physical and Chemical Properties== | |
| − | + | Density = 0.86 (dry) | |
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== Additional Images == | == Additional Images == | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| + | == Resources and Citations == | ||
| − | + | * "Leather" ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries, Inc. New York, 1996. | |
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 | * R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 | ||
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* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982 | * Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982 | ||
| − | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "leather" | + | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "leather" [Accessed October 18, 2001]. |
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 | * Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 | ||
| − | * | + | * American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org |
* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Leather" | * ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Leather" | ||
Latest revision as of 13:16, 5 October 2024
Description
A dehaired animal skin that has been chemically processed to prevent decay while retaining flexibility. The manufacture of leather dates to Neolithic and Bronze age times. Leather is processed by first mechanically cleaning the skin to remove the salt, blood, and dirt, Then the skin is soaked in an alkaline bath which causes the skin to swell and the hairs to loosen so they can be mechanically removed. Once the hair is removed, the skin is soaked in a weak acid solution to reduce the swelling and produce a soft, flexible, smooth-grain material. The skin is then soaked in a solution with a tanning agents. Tanning agents, either vegetable extracts like Tannic acid or mineral salts like chromates, penetrate the skin and react with the protein. Once tanned, the leather can then be dyed and lubricated, or dressed, with hot Soap, Grease, or Wax, to keep the skin supple and water repellent. For some leathers, the surface is finished with brushing, abrading, or glazing. Leathers have been used for clothing, footwear, harnesses, saddlery, bookbinding, upholstery, baggage, purses, and protective coverings.
For more information on animal skin structure, leather preparation, skin identification, and leather deterioration, please see: AIC Wikis for the Book and Paper Group: Animal Skin and Leather and the Objects Group Leather and Skin
Synonyms and Related Terms
cuir (Fr.); piel (Esp.); cuero (Esp.);leer (Ned); cabedal (Port.); couro (Port.);
Various types include: Aldehyde leather; Alum leather; Aniline leather; cabretta; Chamois leather; Chrome leather; Deerskin; Cordoban leather; ecrase leather; glace; Morocco leather; Patent leather; Parchment; Russian leather; Saffian leather; Shagreen; skivers; suede; Vellum
Physical and Chemical Properties
Density = 0.86 (dry)
Additional Images
Leather
Leather scraping
Resources and Citations
- "Leather" The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries, Inc. New York, 1996.
- R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
- Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
- Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
- Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
- Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "leather" [Accessed October 18, 2001].
- Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
- American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
- The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Leather"
- CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=0.86 (dry)