Difference between revisions of "Lead"

Latest revision as of 13:43, 3 November 2023

Jumping weight
MFA# 99.501

Description

Inscribed lead tablet<MFA# 20.415

A soft, dense metallic element. The silvery, gray malleable metal occurs naturally most often as a sulfide in the mineral Galena. Other lead minerals include Anglesite (lead sulfate) and Cerussite (lead carbonate). Lead is mined in China, Australia, United States, Peru, Mexico, India, Canada, Sweden, Poland, Ireland. Metallic lead is shiny when freshly cut, but quickly oxidizes in air. It is easily melted, cast, rolled, and extruded. Native metallic lead was found and used from about 3600-2600 BCE when the technique for obtaining lead from roasting the sulfide ore (galena) was discovered. Lead was used to make small cast items such as coins and statuettes as well as larger items such as plumbing pipes, spires, statues, cisterns, and gargoyles. Although recent use has decreased, lead has also been used for pigments (Lead white, Litharge, Orange mineral, etc.) and as a component in pottery glazes. It has also been used for roofing, flashing, plumbing, stained glass windows, and as a soft solder. Because of its density, lead is also used for radiation shielding.

Lead is on the ILFI Red list of building materials.

Metallic lead

Lead ore

Synonyms and Related Terms

Pb; plumbum; Lood (Ned.); plomb (Fr.); Blei (Deut.); piombo (It.); chumbo (Port.); plomo (Esp.); Bly (Sven.); olovo (Ces.); bly (Dan., Nor.);

Risks

Cumulative toxicity on ingestion or inhalation of dust, lead fumes or lead salts.
May cause anemia, weakness, vomiting, convulsions
GSC International: SDS

Physical and Chemical Properties

Flame color is light blue.
Soluble in dilute nitric acid. Insoluble in sulfuric acid. Attacked by pure water and weak organic acids.
Potassium dichromate may be used for the colorimetric detection of lead in objects. It reacts with lead to form bright yellow lead chromate crystals.

Composition	Pb (atomic no. 82)
CAS	7439-92-1
Mohs Hardness	1.0
Melting Point	327.4 C
Density	11.3437 g/ml
Molecular Weight	at. wt. = 207.22
Boiling Point	1740 C

Resources and Citations

O. Untracht, Metal Techniques for Craftsmen, Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968.
J.Waite, "Architectural Metals: Their Deterioration and Stabilization" in Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practice, S.Timmons (ed.), Preservation Press, Washington DC, 1976, p. 213.
Web Elements: Website
Ancient Trade Routes: Website
Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "lead" [Accessed 25 Jan. 2006].
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Glyn E. Daniel, ed., Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1977
David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:99.501-CR9360-d1.jpg|thumb|]]
+[[File:99.501-CR9360-d1.jpg|thumb|Jumping weight<br>MFA# 99.501]]
 == Description ==
+[[File:MFA20415 Lead.jpg|thumb|Inscribed lead tablet<MFA# 20.415]]
+A soft, dense metallic element. The silvery, gray malleable metal occurs naturally most often as a sulfide in the mineral [[galena]]. Other lead minerals include [[anglesite]] (lead sulfate) and [[cerussite]] (lead carbonate). Lead is mined in China, Australia, United States, Peru, Mexico, India, Canada, Sweden, Poland, Ireland. Metallic lead is shiny when freshly cut, but quickly oxidizes in air. It is easily melted, cast, rolled, and extruded. Native metallic lead was found and used from about 3600-2600 BCE when the technique for obtaining lead from roasting the sulfide ore (galena) was discovered. Lead was used to make small cast items such as coins and statuettes as well as larger items such as plumbing pipes, spires, statues, cisterns, and gargoyles. Although recent use has decreased, lead has also been used for pigments ([[lead white]], [[litharge]], [[orange mineral]], etc.) and as a component in pottery glazes. It has also been used for roofing, flashing, plumbing, stained glass windows, and as a soft solder. Because of its density, lead is also used for radiation shielding.
-A soft, dense metallic element. The silvery, gray malleable metal occurs naturally most often as a sulfide in the mineral [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=galena galena]. Other lead minerals include [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=anglesite anglesite] (lead sulfate) and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=cerussite cerussite] (lead carbonate). Lead is mined in Australia, United States, Canada, Mexico, Peru, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union. Metallic lead is shiny when freshly cut, but quickly oxidizes in air. It is easily melted, cast, rolled, and extruded. Native metallic lead was found and used from about 3600-2600 BCE when the technique for obtaining lead from roasting the sulfide ore (galena) was discovered. Lead was used to make small cast items such as coins and statuettes as well as larger items such as plumbing pipes, spires, statues, cisterns, and gargoyles. Although recent use has decreased, lead has also been used for pigments ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead white lead white], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=litharge litharge], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=orange mineral orange mineral], etc.) and as a component in pottery glazes. It has also been used for roofing, flashing, plumbing, stained glass windows, and as a soft solder. Because of its density, lead is also used for radiation shielding.
+Lead is on the ILFI [[Red list of Materials|Red list]] of building materials.
 [[File:image4_lead.jpg|thumb|Metallic lead]]
+[[File:Leadoreemr1.jpg|thumb|Lead ore]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 Pb; plumbum; Lood (Ned.); plomb (Fr.); Blei (Deut.); piombo (It.); chumbo (Port.); plomo (Esp.); Bly (Sven.); olovo (Ces.); bly (Dan., Nor.);
+== Risks ==
-== Other Properties ==
+* Cumulative toxicity on ingestion or inhalation of dust, lead fumes or lead salts.
+* May cause anemia, weakness, vomiting, convulsions
+* GSC International: [https://beta-static.fishersci.com/content/dam/fishersci/en_US/documents/programs/education/regulatory-documents/sds/gsc-lead-safety-data-sheet.pdf SDS]
-Flame color is light blue.  Soluble in dilute nitric acid.  Insoluble in sulfuric acid.  Attacked by pure water and weak organic acids.
+== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
-[http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Potassium dichromate Potassium dichromate] may be used for the colorimetric detection of lead in objects.  It reacts with lead to form bright yellow lead chromate crystals.
+* Flame color is light blue.
+* Soluble in dilute nitric acid.  Insoluble in sulfuric acid.  Attacked by pure water and weak organic acids.
+* [[Potassium%20dichromate|Potassium dichromate]] may be used for the colorimetric detection of lead in objects.  It reacts with lead to form bright yellow lead chromate crystals.
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 27: / Line 34: @@
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Melting Point
-| 327.4
+| 327.4 C
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Density
-| 11.3437
+| 11.3437 g/ml
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
@@ Line 36: / Line 43: @@
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Boiling Point
-| 1740
+| 1740 C
 |}
-[[File:Leadoreemr1.jpg|thumb|Lead ore]]
+== Resources and Citations ==
-== Hazards and Safety ==
-Cumulative toxicity on ingestion or inhalation of dust, lead fumes or lead salts. May cause anemia, weakness, vomiting, convulsions and brain damage.  Teratogen. Noncombustible.
-LINK: [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0052.html International Chemical Safety Card]
-== Additional Information ==
-O. Untracht, ''Metal Techniques for Craftsmen'', Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968.  J.Waite, "Architectural Metals: Their Deterioration and Stabilization" in ''Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practice'', S.Timmons (ed.), Preservation Press, Washington DC, 1976, p. 213. Web Elements: [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pb/key.html Website] Ancient Trade Routes: [http://www.ancientroute.com/resource/metal/lead.htm Website]
-== Authority ==
-* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "lead" Encyclopdia Britannica Premium Service. [Accessed 25 Jan. 2006].
-* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
-* G.S.Brady, G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
-* Ralph Mayer, Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
+* O. Untracht, ''Metal Techniques for Craftsmen'', Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968.
+* J.Waite, "Architectural Metals: Their Deterioration and Stabilization" in ''Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practice'', S.Timmons (ed.), Preservation Press, Washington DC, 1976, p. 213.
+* Web Elements: [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pb/key.html Website]
+* Ancient Trade Routes: [http://www.ancientroute.com/resource/metal/lead.htm Website]
+* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "lead"  [Accessed 25 Jan. 2006].
+* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
+* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
+* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
 * ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
 * ''Encyclopedia of Archaeology'', Glyn E. Daniel, ed., Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1977
+* David C. Scott, ''Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals'', The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
-* David C. Scott, David C. Scott, ''Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals'', The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
+* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, ''A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques'', Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
+* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
-* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, ''A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques'', Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
+* Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
+* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
-* Michael McCann, Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
-* Jack Odgen, Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
-* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
 [[Category:Materials database]]