Difference between revisions of "Amethyst"
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| − | [[File:2006.630-SC179226.jpg|thumb| | + | [[File:2006.630-SC179226.jpg|thumb|Watch brooch<br>MFA# 2006.630]] |
== Description == | == Description == | ||
| + | [[File:Amethyst.necklace.jpg|thumb|Amethyst necklace]] | ||
| + | A clear, purple, [[quartz|quartz]] gemstone that has been gathered or mined since Neolithic times. Sources for amethysts include Germany (Idar-Oberstein, now delpleted), Ural Mountains, India, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Siberia, Brazil, Uruguay, Zambia (since early 1980s), Canada (Ontario, Nova Scotia), and the U.S.(Michigan, Virginia, Montana, Maine). The purple color of amethyst is due to trace impurities of [[iron|iron]] and [[manganese|manganese]]. Amethysts crystals are doubly refractive. The crystals are used for jewelry, pivot bearings in instruments, and recording needles. Oriental amethysts are purple [[corundum|corundum]]. Amethystine quartz is an amethyst streaked with bands of [[milky%20quartz|milky quartz]]. | ||
| − | + | [[File:pa20703amethyst.jpg|thumb|amethyst]] | |
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== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
quartz; amethystine quartz; Siberian amethyst (dark purple); rose-of France amethyst (pale purple to pink); Amethyst (Deut.); amatista (Esp.,); améthyste (Fr.); amethist (Ned.); ametyst (Pol.); ametista (Port.); ametist (Sven.) | quartz; amethystine quartz; Siberian amethyst (dark purple); rose-of France amethyst (pale purple to pink); Amethyst (Deut.); amatista (Esp.,); améthyste (Fr.); amethist (Ned.); ametyst (Pol.); ametista (Port.); ametist (Sven.) | ||
| − | [[[SliderGallery rightalign|amethystRS2.jpg~Raman]]] | + | [[[SliderGallery rightalign|Quartz.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|Quartz, collodion slide, 785 nm copy.tif~Raman (MFA)|amethystRS2.jpg~Raman (RASMIN)|QUARTZ1.jpg~XRD (MFA)]]] |
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| − | + | == Physical and Chemical Properties == | |
| − | Trigonal crystal system | + | * Color = reddish purple in tungsten and bluish violet in daylight or fluorescent light |
| − | + | * Turns to dull yellow/green with heat | |
| − | Fracture = conchoidal | + | * Trigonal crystal system usually with 6-sided crystals ending in a 6-sided pyramid |
| + | * Low thermal expansion | ||
| + | * Fracture = conchoidal | ||
| + | * Luster = vitreous | ||
| + | * Streak = white | ||
| + | * Fluorescence = generally inert | ||
| + | * Pleochroism = weak to moderate purple and reddish purple | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Density | ! scope="row"| Density | ||
| − | | 2.65-2.66 | + | | 2.65-2.66 g/ml |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Refractive Index | ! scope="row"| Refractive Index | ||
| 1.544-1.553 | | 1.544-1.553 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! scope="row"| Birefringence | ||
| + | | 0.009 | ||
|} | |} | ||
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== Comparisons == | == Comparisons == | ||
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[[media:download_file_397.pdf|Properties of Gemstones]] | [[media:download_file_397.pdf|Properties of Gemstones]] | ||
| − | + | ==Resources and Citations== | |
| − | + | * Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016. | |
| − | == | + | * Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Quartz.shtml Quartz] |
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* Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982 | * Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982 | ||
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* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962 | * A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962 | ||
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* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979 | * C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979 | ||
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* Yasukazu Suwa, ''Gemstones: Quality and Value, Volume 1'', Sekai Bunka Publishing Inc., Tokyo, 1999 Comment: RI=1.544-1.553; Specific gravity=2.66; | * Yasukazu Suwa, ''Gemstones: Quality and Value, Volume 1'', Sekai Bunka Publishing Inc., Tokyo, 1999 Comment: RI=1.544-1.553; Specific gravity=2.66; | ||
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* Michael O'Donoghue and Louise Joyner, ''Identification of Gemstones'', Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2003 Comment: RI=1.544-1.553; Specific gravity=2.651; color=reddish purple in tungsten and bluish violet in daylight or fluorescent; | * Michael O'Donoghue and Louise Joyner, ''Identification of Gemstones'', Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2003 Comment: RI=1.544-1.553; Specific gravity=2.651; color=reddish purple in tungsten and bluish violet in daylight or fluorescent; | ||
| − | + | * Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst | |
| − | * Wikipedia | ||
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* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 55 | * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 55 | ||
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* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 | * ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 | ||
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* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | * Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | ||
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* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | * ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | ||
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* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 | * Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 | ||
Latest revision as of 14:23, 17 December 2022
Description
A clear, purple, Quartz gemstone that has been gathered or mined since Neolithic times. Sources for amethysts include Germany (Idar-Oberstein, now delpleted), Ural Mountains, India, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Siberia, Brazil, Uruguay, Zambia (since early 1980s), Canada (Ontario, Nova Scotia), and the U.S.(Michigan, Virginia, Montana, Maine). The purple color of amethyst is due to trace impurities of Iron and Manganese. Amethysts crystals are doubly refractive. The crystals are used for jewelry, pivot bearings in instruments, and recording needles. Oriental amethysts are purple Corundum. Amethystine quartz is an amethyst streaked with bands of Milky quartz.
Synonyms and Related Terms
quartz; amethystine quartz; Siberian amethyst (dark purple); rose-of France amethyst (pale purple to pink); Amethyst (Deut.); amatista (Esp.,); améthyste (Fr.); amethist (Ned.); ametyst (Pol.); ametista (Port.); ametist (Sven.)
Physical and Chemical Properties
- Color = reddish purple in tungsten and bluish violet in daylight or fluorescent light
- Turns to dull yellow/green with heat
- Trigonal crystal system usually with 6-sided crystals ending in a 6-sided pyramid
- Low thermal expansion
- Fracture = conchoidal
- Luster = vitreous
- Streak = white
- Fluorescence = generally inert
- Pleochroism = weak to moderate purple and reddish purple
| Composition | SiO2 |
|---|---|
| Mohs Hardness | 7.0 |
| Density | 2.65-2.66 g/ml |
| Refractive Index | 1.544-1.553 |
| Birefringence | 0.009 |
Comparisons
Resources and Citations
- Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
- Mineralogy Database: Quartz
- Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
- A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
- C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
- Yasukazu Suwa, Gemstones: Quality and Value, Volume 1, Sekai Bunka Publishing Inc., Tokyo, 1999 Comment: RI=1.544-1.553; Specific gravity=2.66;
- Michael O'Donoghue and Louise Joyner, Identification of Gemstones, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2003 Comment: RI=1.544-1.553; Specific gravity=2.651; color=reddish purple in tungsten and bluish violet in daylight or fluorescent;
- Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 55
- Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
- Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
- The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
- Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979