Difference between revisions of "Zinc white"

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[[File:529 zinc white.jpg|thumb|Zinc white]]
 
[[File:529 zinc white.jpg|thumb|Zinc white]]
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[[File:Zincwhite C100x.jpg|thumb|Zinc white at 100x. Visible light on left; UV light on right]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
−
 
+
[[File:1_Zinc_oxide_white_500X.jpg|thumb|Zinc oxide white at 500x]]
 
A bright, white pigment composed of [[zinc oxide]]. Zinc white is permanent, opaque, and nontoxic. It was known as a white compound since the Middle Ages but was rarely used as a pigment until 1834 when zinc oxide was first listed by Winsor and Newton as a watercolor pigment called Chinese white. It quickly became a standard in watercolor paints but the early batches of zinc white were inferior to [[lead white]] in oil paints because of poor covering and drying properties. However, by the last quarter of the 19th century zinc white was sufficiently improved and became a widely used alternative to lead white in oil paints (Mayer 1969). The following grades of zinc white were sold:  
 
A bright, white pigment composed of [[zinc oxide]]. Zinc white is permanent, opaque, and nontoxic. It was known as a white compound since the Middle Ages but was rarely used as a pigment until 1834 when zinc oxide was first listed by Winsor and Newton as a watercolor pigment called Chinese white. It quickly became a standard in watercolor paints but the early batches of zinc white were inferior to [[lead white]] in oil paints because of poor covering and drying properties. However, by the last quarter of the 19th century zinc white was sufficiently improved and became a widely used alternative to lead white in oil paints (Mayer 1969). The following grades of zinc white were sold:  
  
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- white seal: purest (>99% zinc oxide) but poor covering
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* white seal: purest (>99% zinc oxide) but poor covering
−
 
+
* green seal: greater than 99% zinc oxide with better covering power
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- green seal: greater than 99% zinc oxide with better covering power
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* red seal: slightly less pure, generally used for grounds
−
 
+
* gold seal: similar to red seal
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- red seal: slightly less pure, generally used for grounds
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* gray seal: contains some metallic zinc.  
−
 
 
−
- gold seal: similar to red seal
 
−
 
 
−
- gray seal: contains some metallic zinc.  
 
  
 
Zinc oxide is used as a pigment in oil, and in watercolor paints, ceramic glazes, printing inks, glass colorant, [[ultraviolet%20absorber|UV absorber]], [[fungicide|fungicide]].  
 
Zinc oxide is used as a pigment in oil, and in watercolor paints, ceramic glazes, printing inks, glass colorant, [[ultraviolet%20absorber|UV absorber]], [[fungicide|fungicide]].  
  
 
See also [[French%20process%20zinc%20oxide|French process zinc oxide]].
 
See also [[French%20process%20zinc%20oxide|French process zinc oxide]].
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[[File:Zincwhite C100x.jpg|thumb|Zinc white]]
 
  
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
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zinc oxide; Pigment White 4; CI 77947; Zinkweiss (Deut.); Schneeweiss (Deut.); Pergamentweiss (Deut.); blanc de zinc (Fr.); bianco di zinco (It.); blanco de cinc (Esp.); zincwitt (Ned.); sinkkivalkoinen (Fin.); branco de zinco (Port.); Chinese white; French zinc; absolute white; snow white; philosophers' wool; nil alba; nibil album; nix album; flowers of zinc; snow flowers; Florence zinc oxide; constant white; Hubbocks white
 
zinc oxide; Pigment White 4; CI 77947; Zinkweiss (Deut.); Schneeweiss (Deut.); Pergamentweiss (Deut.); blanc de zinc (Fr.); bianco di zinco (It.); blanco de cinc (Esp.); zincwitt (Ned.); sinkkivalkoinen (Fin.); branco de zinco (Port.); Chinese white; French zinc; absolute white; snow white; philosophers' wool; nil alba; nibil album; nix album; flowers of zinc; snow flowers; Florence zinc oxide; constant white; Hubbocks white
  
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Zinc White, Forbes 174.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|Zinc white (Forbes MFA 531), 50X, 532 nm copy.tif~Raman (MFA)
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Zinc White, Forbes 174.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|Zinc white (Forbes MFA 531), 50X, 532 nm copy.tif~Raman (MFA)|PIG529.jpg~XRD (MFA)|f529sem.jpg~SEM (MFA)|f529edsbw.jpg~EDS(MFA)]]]
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|PIG529.jpg~XRD|f529sem.jpg~SEM|f529edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
 
  
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== Other Properties ==
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== Risks ==
 +
 
 +
* Noncombustible.
 +
* Nonpoisonous, but slightly antiseptic. 
 +
* Inhalation or ingestion of dust may cause slight irritation. 
 +
* Zinc oxide fumes from firing may cause metal fume fever. 
 +
* Reacts violently with aluminum and magnesium powders. 
 +
* Oil paints with zinc oxide may yellow and chalk with UV exposure. 
 +
* U.S Zinc: [http://www.uszinc.com/assets/uploads/2017/08/US-Zinc-SDS-ZnO-Rev10.pdf SDS]
 +
 
 +
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
  
 
Soluble in acids and alkalis. Insoluble in water and ethanol.   
 
Soluble in acids and alkalis. Insoluble in water and ethanol.   
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|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Melting Point
 
! scope="row"| Melting Point
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| 1975
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| 1975 C
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Density
 
! scope="row"| Density
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| 5.47-5.65
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| 5.47-5.65 g/ml
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
 
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
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|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Boiling Point
 
! scope="row"| Boiling Point
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| 7
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| 7 C
 
|}
 
|}
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== Hazards and Safety ==
 
−
 
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Noncombustible. Nonpoisonous, but slightly antiseptic.  Inhalation or ingestion of dust may cause slight irritation.  Zinc oxide fumes from firing may cause metal fume fever.  Reacts violently with aluminum and magnesium powders. 
 
−
 
−
Oil paints with zinc oxide may yellow and chalk with UV exposure. 
 
−
 
−
LINK: [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0208.html International Chemical Safety Card]
 
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== Additional Information ==
 
−
 
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° H. Kuhn, "Zinc White", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986. ° R. Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row, New York, 1969.
 
  
 
== Comparisons ==
 
== Comparisons ==
  
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[[media:download_file_521.pdf|Characteristics of Common White Pigments]]
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[[media:download_file_512.pdf|Characteristics of Common White Pigments]]
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== Additional Images ==
 
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<gallery>
 
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File:1_Zinc_oxide_white_500X.jpg|Zinc oxide white
 
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</gallery>
 
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== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
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== Resources and Citations ==
  
 
* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
 
* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
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* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
 
* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
  
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* Website address 1  Comment: Pigments Through the Ages. - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/zincwhite.html
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* Pigments Through the Ages. - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/zincwhite.html
  
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* Website address 2  Comment: http://www.coloria.net/varita.htm - 1746
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* Website : http://www.coloria.net/varita.htm - 1746
  
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 887
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 887
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* R. Newman, E. Farrell, 'House Paint Pigments', ''Paint in America '', R. Moss ed., Preservation Press, New York City, 1994
 
* R. Newman, E. Farrell, 'House Paint Pigments', ''Paint in America '', R. Moss ed., Preservation Press, New York City, 1994
  
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* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_white (Accessed Nov. 29, 2005)
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* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_white (Accessed Nov. 29, 2005)
  
 
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
 
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

Latest revision as of 10:29, 6 June 2022

Zinc white
Zinc white at 100x. Visible light on left; UV light on right

Description

Zinc oxide white at 500x

A bright, white pigment composed of Zinc oxide. Zinc white is permanent, opaque, and nontoxic. It was known as a white compound since the Middle Ages but was rarely used as a pigment until 1834 when zinc oxide was first listed by Winsor and Newton as a watercolor pigment called Chinese white. It quickly became a standard in watercolor paints but the early batches of zinc white were inferior to Lead white in oil paints because of poor covering and drying properties. However, by the last quarter of the 19th century zinc white was sufficiently improved and became a widely used alternative to lead white in oil paints (Mayer 1969). The following grades of zinc white were sold:

  • white seal: purest (>99% zinc oxide) but poor covering
  • green seal: greater than 99% zinc oxide with better covering power
  • red seal: slightly less pure, generally used for grounds
  • gold seal: similar to red seal
  • gray seal: contains some metallic zinc.

Zinc oxide is used as a pigment in oil, and in watercolor paints, ceramic glazes, printing inks, glass colorant, UV absorber, Fungicide.

See also French process zinc oxide.

Synonyms and Related Terms

zinc oxide; Pigment White 4; CI 77947; Zinkweiss (Deut.); Schneeweiss (Deut.); Pergamentweiss (Deut.); blanc de zinc (Fr.); bianco di zinco (It.); blanco de cinc (Esp.); zincwitt (Ned.); sinkkivalkoinen (Fin.); branco de zinco (Port.); Chinese white; French zinc; absolute white; snow white; philosophers' wool; nil alba; nibil album; nix album; flowers of zinc; snow flowers; Florence zinc oxide; constant white; Hubbocks white

FTIR (MFA)

Zinc White, Forbes 174.TIF

Raman (MFA)

Zinc white (Forbes MFA 531), 50X, 532 nm copy.tif

XRD (MFA)

PIG529.jpg

SEM (MFA)

F529sem.jpg

EDS(MFA)

F529edsbw.jpg


Risks

  • Noncombustible.
  • Nonpoisonous, but slightly antiseptic.
  • Inhalation or ingestion of dust may cause slight irritation.
  • Zinc oxide fumes from firing may cause metal fume fever.
  • Reacts violently with aluminum and magnesium powders.
  • Oil paints with zinc oxide may yellow and chalk with UV exposure.
  • U.S Zinc: SDS

Physical and Chemical Properties

Soluble in acids and alkalis. Insoluble in water and ethanol.

Autofluoresces yellow.

Composition ZnO
CAS 1314-13-2
Melting Point 1975 C
Density 5.47-5.65 g/ml
Molecular Weight mol. wt. = 81.4
Refractive Index 2.02; 2.00
Boiling Point 7 C

Comparisons

Characteristics of Common White Pigments

Resources and Citations

  • Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
  • Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, R.L.Feller, ed., Cambridge University Press, London, Vol. 1, 1986 Comment: H. Kuhn, "Zinc White"
  • The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Pigments"
  • R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
  • M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
  • Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 887
  • R. Newman, E. Farrell, 'House Paint Pigments', Paint in America , R. Moss ed., Preservation Press, New York City, 1994
  • Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
  • Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980

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