Difference between revisions of "Zinc white"
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[[File:529 zinc white.jpg|thumb|Zinc white]] | [[File:529 zinc white.jpg|thumb|Zinc white]] | ||
| + | [[File:Zincwhite C100x.jpg|thumb|Zinc white at 100x. Visible light on left; UV light on right]] | ||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:1_Zinc_oxide_white_500X.jpg|thumb|Zinc oxide white at 500x]] |
A bright, white pigment composed of [[zinc oxide]]. Zinc white is permanent, opaque, and nontoxic. It was known as a white compound since the Middle Ages but was rarely used as a pigment until 1834 when zinc oxide was first listed by Winsor and Newton as a watercolor pigment called Chinese white. It quickly became a standard in watercolor paints but the early batches of zinc white were inferior to [[lead white]] in oil paints because of poor covering and drying properties. However, by the last quarter of the 19th century zinc white was sufficiently improved and became a widely used alternative to lead white in oil paints (Mayer 1969). The following grades of zinc white were sold: | A bright, white pigment composed of [[zinc oxide]]. Zinc white is permanent, opaque, and nontoxic. It was known as a white compound since the Middle Ages but was rarely used as a pigment until 1834 when zinc oxide was first listed by Winsor and Newton as a watercolor pigment called Chinese white. It quickly became a standard in watercolor paints but the early batches of zinc white were inferior to [[lead white]] in oil paints because of poor covering and drying properties. However, by the last quarter of the 19th century zinc white was sufficiently improved and became a widely used alternative to lead white in oil paints (Mayer 1969). The following grades of zinc white were sold: | ||
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See also [[French%20process%20zinc%20oxide|French process zinc oxide]]. | See also [[French%20process%20zinc%20oxide|French process zinc oxide]]. | ||
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== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
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== Risks == | == Risks == | ||
| − | Noncombustible. Nonpoisonous, but slightly antiseptic. Inhalation or ingestion of dust may cause slight irritation. Zinc oxide fumes from firing may cause metal fume fever. Reacts violently with aluminum and magnesium powders. | + | * Noncombustible. |
| − | + | * Nonpoisonous, but slightly antiseptic. | |
| − | Oil paints with zinc oxide may yellow and chalk with UV exposure. | + | * Inhalation or ingestion of dust may cause slight irritation. |
| − | + | * Zinc oxide fumes from firing may cause metal fume fever. | |
| − | U.S Zinc: [http://www.uszinc.com/assets/uploads/2017/08/US-Zinc-SDS-ZnO-Rev10.pdf SDS] | + | * Reacts violently with aluminum and magnesium powders. |
| + | * Oil paints with zinc oxide may yellow and chalk with UV exposure. | ||
| + | * U.S Zinc: [http://www.uszinc.com/assets/uploads/2017/08/US-Zinc-SDS-ZnO-Rev10.pdf SDS] | ||
== Physical and Chemical Properties == | == Physical and Chemical Properties == | ||
| Line 44: | Line 46: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Melting Point | ! scope="row"| Melting Point | ||
| − | | 1975 | + | | 1975 C |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Density | ! scope="row"| Density | ||
| − | | 5.47-5.65 | + | | 5.47-5.65 g/ml |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight | ! scope="row"| Molecular Weight | ||
| Line 56: | Line 58: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Boiling Point | ! scope="row"| Boiling Point | ||
| − | | 7 | + | | 7 C |
|} | |} | ||
| Line 77: | Line 79: | ||
* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) | * Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) | ||
| − | * | + | * Pigments Through the Ages. - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/zincwhite.html |
| − | * Website | + | * Website : http://www.coloria.net/varita.htm - 1746 |
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 887 | * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 887 | ||
| Line 85: | Line 87: | ||
* R. Newman, E. Farrell, 'House Paint Pigments', ''Paint in America '', R. Moss ed., Preservation Press, New York City, 1994 | * R. Newman, E. Farrell, 'House Paint Pigments', ''Paint in America '', R. Moss ed., Preservation Press, New York City, 1994 | ||
| − | * Wikipedia | + | * Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_white (Accessed Nov. 29, 2005) |
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 | * Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 | ||
Latest revision as of 10:29, 6 June 2022
Description
A bright, white pigment composed of Zinc oxide. Zinc white is permanent, opaque, and nontoxic. It was known as a white compound since the Middle Ages but was rarely used as a pigment until 1834 when zinc oxide was first listed by Winsor and Newton as a watercolor pigment called Chinese white. It quickly became a standard in watercolor paints but the early batches of zinc white were inferior to Lead white in oil paints because of poor covering and drying properties. However, by the last quarter of the 19th century zinc white was sufficiently improved and became a widely used alternative to lead white in oil paints (Mayer 1969). The following grades of zinc white were sold:
- white seal: purest (>99% zinc oxide) but poor covering
- green seal: greater than 99% zinc oxide with better covering power
- red seal: slightly less pure, generally used for grounds
- gold seal: similar to red seal
- gray seal: contains some metallic zinc.
Zinc oxide is used as a pigment in oil, and in watercolor paints, ceramic glazes, printing inks, glass colorant, UV absorber, Fungicide.
See also French process zinc oxide.
Synonyms and Related Terms
zinc oxide; Pigment White 4; CI 77947; Zinkweiss (Deut.); Schneeweiss (Deut.); Pergamentweiss (Deut.); blanc de zinc (Fr.); bianco di zinco (It.); blanco de cinc (Esp.); zincwitt (Ned.); sinkkivalkoinen (Fin.); branco de zinco (Port.); Chinese white; French zinc; absolute white; snow white; philosophers' wool; nil alba; nibil album; nix album; flowers of zinc; snow flowers; Florence zinc oxide; constant white; Hubbocks white
Risks
- Noncombustible.
- Nonpoisonous, but slightly antiseptic.
- Inhalation or ingestion of dust may cause slight irritation.
- Zinc oxide fumes from firing may cause metal fume fever.
- Reacts violently with aluminum and magnesium powders.
- Oil paints with zinc oxide may yellow and chalk with UV exposure.
- U.S Zinc: SDS
Physical and Chemical Properties
Soluble in acids and alkalis. Insoluble in water and ethanol.
Autofluoresces yellow.
| Composition | ZnO |
|---|---|
| CAS | 1314-13-2 |
| Melting Point | 1975 C |
| Density | 5.47-5.65 g/ml |
| Molecular Weight | mol. wt. = 81.4 |
| Refractive Index | 2.02; 2.00 |
| Boiling Point | 7 C |
Comparisons
Characteristics of Common White Pigments
Resources and Citations
- Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
- Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, R.L.Feller, ed., Cambridge University Press, London, Vol. 1, 1986 Comment: H. Kuhn, "Zinc White"
- The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Pigments"
- R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
- M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
- Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
- Pigments Through the Ages. - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/zincwhite.html
- Website : http://www.coloria.net/varita.htm - 1746
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 887
- R. Newman, E. Farrell, 'House Paint Pigments', Paint in America , R. Moss ed., Preservation Press, New York City, 1994
- Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_white (Accessed Nov. 29, 2005)
- Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
- Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
- Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000