Gamboge: Ukiyo-e colorant

Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems by Okumura Masanobu

Gamboge 藤黄 (tōō): A yellow-orange gum resin produced by several species of the Garcinia tree, such as Garcinia morella found in South Asia and Garcinia hanburyi found in Southeast Asia. Gamboge is composed of a yellow resinous component (70-80%; morelloflavone) and a clear water-soluble Gum (20%). It was collected in South Asia by cutting a large piece off the trunk. The exuding sap from the exposed wood was scraped off and dried. In Southeast Asia, most notably Thailand, gamboge was obtained by scoring the trunk and collecting the sap in bamboo canes. Once the sap solidified, the bamboo was roasted over a fire during which the bamboo cracked or the moisture in the gamboge evaporated to shrink and detach from the bamboo to reveal a cylindrical shaped gamboge. Crushed into powder, it becomes a bright yellow. Gamboge was used as a yellow pigment as early as the 8th century in Asia and Japan. During the Edo period (1603–1868), gamboge was known to have been imported from Siam (Thailand) and Cochin (Vietnam; could also be Kochi, India).

Gamboge produces a transparent yellow which was frequently hand-painted on prints dating from the 1690s to the 1740s. After the introduction of full-color printing, its use seems to decline perhaps because the other yellows were easier to obtain and/or print and mix with other colorants.

For additional information see: Gamboge, Uemura Dye Archive: Gamboge 195, Garcinia hanburyi (Kew), Garcinia morella (Kew)

Examples of Gamboge in Ukiyo-e Prints


Pt 1: Hand colored Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343


Pt 1: Hand colored Torii Kiyomasu II, 11.13297


Pt 2: Hand colored Okumura Masanobu, 11.13344


Pt 2: Printed Komatsuken, 11.19711

Analysis

Gamboge does not fluoresce under UVA radiation and does not produce a distinct pattern using Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy. This, in itself is unique because of the possible yellow colorants analyzed, it is the only bright yellow colorant that not only does not fluoresce but also absorbs the fluorescence emitted by the paper. This negative indication can be sometimes used to assign the presence of gamboge.