Difference between revisions of "Arsenic"
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A grayish-white nonmetallic element. Arsenic occurs naturally in its elemental form as well as in the minerals arsenopyrite, [[realgar|realgar]], and [[orpiment|orpiment]]. The abundance of arsenic in the earth's crust is 1.8 ppm. It is found as a trace mineral in meteorites. Arsenic was known as a poison in antiquity and the elemental form was isolated as early as 1250 CE by Albertus Magnus, a German alchemist. Elemental arsenic has three allotropic forms: alpha (gray), beta (black) and an unstable yellow form. When heated, arsenic forms [[arsenic%20trioxide|arsenic trioxide]], a white, poisonous gas. Arsenic and its salts are used as [[wood%20preservative|wood preservatives]], [[fungicide|fungicides]], [[herbicide|herbicides]], and [[pesticide|pesticides]]. Arsenic is used as a scavenger in the manufacture of [[glass|glass]] to eliminate any green color resulting from [[iron|iron]] impurities. Arsenic was also used as a [[copper|copper]] alloy predating the use of tin [[bronze|bronzes]] (Scott, 1991). The arsenic content in ancient and modern coppers alloys ranges from 1 - 8%. | A grayish-white nonmetallic element. Arsenic occurs naturally in its elemental form as well as in the minerals arsenopyrite, [[realgar|realgar]], and [[orpiment|orpiment]]. The abundance of arsenic in the earth's crust is 1.8 ppm. It is found as a trace mineral in meteorites. Arsenic was known as a poison in antiquity and the elemental form was isolated as early as 1250 CE by Albertus Magnus, a German alchemist. Elemental arsenic has three allotropic forms: alpha (gray), beta (black) and an unstable yellow form. When heated, arsenic forms [[arsenic%20trioxide|arsenic trioxide]], a white, poisonous gas. Arsenic and its salts are used as [[wood%20preservative|wood preservatives]], [[fungicide|fungicides]], [[herbicide|herbicides]], and [[pesticide|pesticides]]. Arsenic is used as a scavenger in the manufacture of [[glass|glass]] to eliminate any green color resulting from [[iron|iron]] impurities. Arsenic was also used as a [[copper|copper]] alloy predating the use of tin [[bronze|bronzes]] (Scott, 1991). The arsenic content in ancient and modern coppers alloys ranges from 1 - 8%. | ||
| + | Arsenic is on the ILFI [[Red list of Materials|Red list]] of building materials. | ||
== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
As; grey arsenic; Arseen (Ned.); Arsen (Deut.); arsenikon (Gr.); arsenico (It.); arsênic (Port.); arsénico (Esp.); arsenik (Sven.) | As; grey arsenic; Arseen (Ned.); Arsen (Deut.); arsenikon (Gr.); arsenico (It.); arsênic (Port.); arsénico (Esp.); arsenik (Sven.) | ||
| − | == | + | == Personal Risks == |
| + | * Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. | ||
| + | * Carcinogen and mutagen. | ||
| + | * Salts are highly toxic. | ||
| + | * [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0013.html International Chemical Safety Card] | ||
| − | + | == Physical and Chemical Properties == | |
| − | Insoluble in water and alkalis. Attacked by oxidizing acids. | + | * Flame color is light blue; produces a white poisonous smoke that smells like garlic. |
| − | + | * Insoluble in water and alkalis. Attacked by oxidizing acids. | |
| − | Elemental arsenic has a white streak, metallic luster and uneven fracture. | + | * Elemental arsenic has a white streak, metallic luster and uneven fracture. |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! scope="row"| Melting Point | ! scope="row"| Melting Point | ||
| − | | 818 (under pressure) | + | | 818 C (under pressure) |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Density | ! scope="row"| Density | ||
| − | | 5.778 | + | | 5.778 g/ml |
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight | ! scope="row"| Molecular Weight | ||
| Line 37: | Line 42: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Boiling Point | ! scope="row"| Boiling Point | ||
| − | | 615 (sublimes) | + | | 615 C (sublimes) |
|} | |} | ||
| − | == | + | == Resources and Citations == |
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| + | * D.Scott, ''Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals'', Getty Conservation Institute, 1991. | ||
| + | * L. Goldberg, A History Of Pest Control Measures In The Anthropology Collections, National Museum Of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ''JAIC'' (35):23-43, 1996 | ||
| + | * Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Arsenic.shtml Arsenic] | ||
| + | * Web Elements: [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/As/key.html Website] | ||
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. | * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. | ||
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* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993 | * Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993 | ||
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* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 | * ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 | ||
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* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | * Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | ||
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* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 832 | * ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 832 | ||
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "arsenic" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 11, 2001 (color photo) | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "arsenic" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 11, 2001 (color photo) | ||
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* ''Chemical & Engineering News'', American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 81 (36) , Sept. 8, 2003 | * ''Chemical & Engineering News'', American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 81 (36) , Sept. 8, 2003 | ||
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* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979 | * C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979 | ||
| − | + | * Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 | |
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| − | * Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, | ||
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[[Category:Materials database]] | [[Category:Materials database]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:40, 3 November 2023
Description
A grayish-white nonmetallic element. Arsenic occurs naturally in its elemental form as well as in the minerals arsenopyrite, Realgar, and Orpiment. The abundance of arsenic in the earth's crust is 1.8 ppm. It is found as a trace mineral in meteorites. Arsenic was known as a poison in antiquity and the elemental form was isolated as early as 1250 CE by Albertus Magnus, a German alchemist. Elemental arsenic has three allotropic forms: alpha (gray), beta (black) and an unstable yellow form. When heated, arsenic forms Arsenic trioxide, a white, poisonous gas. Arsenic and its salts are used as wood preservatives, fungicides, herbicides, and pesticides. Arsenic is used as a scavenger in the manufacture of Glass to eliminate any green color resulting from Iron impurities. Arsenic was also used as a Copper alloy predating the use of tin bronzes (Scott, 1991). The arsenic content in ancient and modern coppers alloys ranges from 1 - 8%.
Arsenic is on the ILFI Red list of building materials.
Synonyms and Related Terms
As; grey arsenic; Arseen (Ned.); Arsen (Deut.); arsenikon (Gr.); arsenico (It.); arsênic (Port.); arsénico (Esp.); arsenik (Sven.)
Personal Risks
- Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
- Carcinogen and mutagen.
- Salts are highly toxic.
- International Chemical Safety Card
Physical and Chemical Properties
- Flame color is light blue; produces a white poisonous smoke that smells like garlic.
- Insoluble in water and alkalis. Attacked by oxidizing acids.
- Elemental arsenic has a white streak, metallic luster and uneven fracture.
| Composition | As (atomic no. 33) |
|---|---|
| CAS | 7440-38-2 |
| Mohs Hardness | 3.5 |
| Melting Point | 818 C (under pressure) |
| Density | 5.778 g/ml |
| Molecular Weight | atomic wt = 74.9216 |
| Boiling Point | 615 C (sublimes) |
Resources and Citations
- D.Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, Getty Conservation Institute, 1991.
- L. Goldberg, A History Of Pest Control Measures In The Anthropology Collections, National Museum Of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, JAIC (35):23-43, 1996
- Mineralogy Database: Arsenic
- Web Elements: Website
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.
- Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
- Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
- Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
- The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 832
- Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "arsenic" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 11, 2001 (color photo)
- Chemical & Engineering News, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 81 (36) , Sept. 8, 2003
- C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
- Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000