Difference between revisions of "Starch"

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[[File:strchpst.jpg|thumb|Starch powder and paste]]
 
[[File:strchpst.jpg|thumb|Starch powder and paste]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
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[[File:strchsup.jpg|thumb|Fabric sized with starch]]
 
Carbohydrate granules of varying size obtained from roots, bulbs and seeds of most plants. Starch is primarily obtained from [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[corn]], potatoes, cassava (tapioca), [[sago]], and arrowroot. The white, powdery granules range in size from 3-150 micrometers. Starch is a mixture of the soluble straight-chain amylose molecules and the insoluble, branched-chain amylopectin molecules. When starch is heated, the granules swell and form a thick, tacky jelly upon cooling. Starchy adhesives have been used since at least 3500 BCE in Egypt. More recently starch has been used for sizing fabric, canvas, and paper. It has also been used as an adhesive for paper cartons, bottle labels, gummed tape and envelopes. Starch is sensitive to moisture and biodegradation. Paste films become brittle with age. [[Dextrin]] is prepared from starch by baking it at 200-250 C until the material becomes completely soluble in cool water. [[Soluble starch]] can also be made by hydrolyzing the granules with dilute hydrochloric acid followed by neutralization with an alkali. Soluble starch has been used for priming canvas and as a binder in watercolor paints.
 
Carbohydrate granules of varying size obtained from roots, bulbs and seeds of most plants. Starch is primarily obtained from [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[corn]], potatoes, cassava (tapioca), [[sago]], and arrowroot. The white, powdery granules range in size from 3-150 micrometers. Starch is a mixture of the soluble straight-chain amylose molecules and the insoluble, branched-chain amylopectin molecules. When starch is heated, the granules swell and form a thick, tacky jelly upon cooling. Starchy adhesives have been used since at least 3500 BCE in Egypt. More recently starch has been used for sizing fabric, canvas, and paper. It has also been used as an adhesive for paper cartons, bottle labels, gummed tape and envelopes. Starch is sensitive to moisture and biodegradation. Paste films become brittle with age. [[Dextrin]] is prepared from starch by baking it at 200-250 C until the material becomes completely soluble in cool water. [[Soluble starch]] can also be made by hydrolyzing the granules with dilute hydrochloric acid followed by neutralization with an alkali. Soluble starch has been used for priming canvas and as a binder in watercolor paints.
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Wheat starch.TIF~FTIR wheat starch(MFA)|Starch- liquid laundry starch.TIF~FTIR laundry starch(MFA)|Amylopectin_structure.png~Chemical structure]]]
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== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
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[[File:strchsup.jpg|thumb|Fabric sized with starch]]
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fecula; amylum Lat.); Stärke (Deut.); almidón (Esp.); amidon (Fr.); amido (It., Port.); zetmeel (Ned.); stive (Nor.); skrobia (Pol.); stärkelse (Sven.)
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== Applications ==
 +
* Hinging
 +
* Gluing
 +
* Adhering paper-based products
  
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== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
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== Risks ==
  
−
fecula; amylum Lat.); Stärke (Deut.); almidón (Esp.); amidon (Fr.); amido (It., Port.); zetmeel (Ned.); stive (Nor.); skrobia (Pol.); stärkelse (Sven.)
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* Used as an antidote for iodine poisoning.
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* Becomes brittle with age.
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* Susceptible to biodeterioration.
  
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== Other Properties ==
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== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
  
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Swells but does not dissolve in cold water. Granule size varies with starch type from 3 - 150 micrometers.  The amylose component turns blue with [[iodine|iodine]] and the amylopectin component turns violet with iodine.  Stains with [[methylene%20blue|methylene blue]].
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* Swells but does not dissolve in cold water.  
 +
* Granule size varies with starch type from 3 - 150 micrometers.   
 +
* The amylose component turns blue with [[iodine|iodine]] and the amylopectin component turns violet with iodine.   
 +
* Reacts with a iodine/potassium iodide solution to give a positive purple color
 +
* Stains with [[methylene%20blue|methylene blue]].
 +
* Composition = (C6H10O5)x
 +
* Density = 0.499-0.513 g/ml
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
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! scope="row"| Composition
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! scope="row"| Starch type
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| (C6H10O5)x
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| Barley
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| Maize
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| Potato
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| Rice
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| Rye
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| Sago
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| Tapioca
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| Wheat
 
|-
 
|-
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! scope="row"| Density
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! scope="row"| Shape
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| 0.499-0.513
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| lenticular
 +
| polygonal
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| oval
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| polygonal
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| lenticular
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| oval
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| truncated
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| lenticular
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|-
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! scope="row"| Size (um)
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| 2-3, 35-40
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| 5-30
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| 30-100
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| 3-8
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| Rye
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| 20-65
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| 3-28
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| 3-8,15-35
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|-
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! scope="row"| Comments
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| bimodal sizes
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| centric hilum
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| off center hilum
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| spherical
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| bimodal sizes
 +
| off-center hilum
 +
| centric hilum
 +
| bimodal sizes
 
|}
 
|}
  
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== Hazards and Safety ==
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== Additional Images ==
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Used as an antidote for iodine poisoning. 
 
  
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Becomes brittle with age. Susceptible to biodeterioration.
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<gallery>
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File:Maizestarch.jpg|Corn starch in polarized light
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File:Spudstarch01.jpg|Potato starch in polarized light
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File:Wheatstarch01.jpg|Wheat starch in polarized light
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</gallery>
  
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== Additional Information ==
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== For more information on the use a starches in conservation, please see ==
  
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AIC Book and Paper Catalog "Adhesives"
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* AIC Book and Paper Catalog [http://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/Adhesives_for_Paper#Starches|"Adhesives for Paper: Starches"]
  
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== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
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== Resources and Citations ==
  
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 766
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 766
Line 39: Line 89:
 
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: entry 8954
 
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: entry 8954
  
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Starch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004.  Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.  14 Apr. 2004 .
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Starch." (Accessed 14 Apr. 2004).
  
 
* S.R.Trotman, E.R. Trotman, ''Textile Analysis'', J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1932
 
* S.R.Trotman, E.R. Trotman, ''Textile Analysis'', J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1932

Latest revision as of 14:08, 4 June 2022

Starch powder and paste

Description

Fabric sized with starch

Carbohydrate granules of varying size obtained from roots, bulbs and seeds of most plants. Starch is primarily obtained from Rice, Wheat, Corn, potatoes, cassava (tapioca), Sago, and arrowroot. The white, powdery granules range in size from 3-150 micrometers. Starch is a mixture of the soluble straight-chain amylose molecules and the insoluble, branched-chain amylopectin molecules. When starch is heated, the granules swell and form a thick, tacky jelly upon cooling. Starchy adhesives have been used since at least 3500 BCE in Egypt. More recently starch has been used for sizing fabric, canvas, and paper. It has also been used as an adhesive for paper cartons, bottle labels, gummed tape and envelopes. Starch is sensitive to moisture and biodegradation. Paste films become brittle with age. Dextrin is prepared from starch by baking it at 200-250 C until the material becomes completely soluble in cool water. Soluble starch can also be made by hydrolyzing the granules with dilute hydrochloric acid followed by neutralization with an alkali. Soluble starch has been used for priming canvas and as a binder in watercolor paints.

FTIR wheat starch(MFA)

Wheat starch.TIF

FTIR laundry starch(MFA)

Starch- liquid laundry starch.TIF

Synonyms and Related Terms

fecula; amylum Lat.); Stärke (Deut.); almidón (Esp.); amidon (Fr.); amido (It., Port.); zetmeel (Ned.); stive (Nor.); skrobia (Pol.); stärkelse (Sven.)

Applications

  • Hinging
  • Gluing
  • Adhering paper-based products

Risks

  • Used as an antidote for iodine poisoning.
  • Becomes brittle with age.
  • Susceptible to biodeterioration.

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Swells but does not dissolve in cold water.
  • Granule size varies with starch type from 3 - 150 micrometers.
  • The amylose component turns blue with Iodine and the amylopectin component turns violet with iodine.
  • Reacts with a iodine/potassium iodide solution to give a positive purple color
  • Stains with Methylene blue.
  • Composition = (C6H10O5)x
  • Density = 0.499-0.513 g/ml
Starch type Barley Maize Potato Rice Rye Sago Tapioca Wheat
Shape lenticular polygonal oval polygonal lenticular oval truncated lenticular
Size (um) 2-3, 35-40 5-30 30-100 3-8 Rye 20-65 3-28 3-8,15-35
Comments bimodal sizes centric hilum off center hilum spherical bimodal sizes off-center hilum centric hilum bimodal sizes

Additional Images

  • Corn starch in polarized light

  • Potato starch in polarized light

  • Wheat starch in polarized light

For more information on the use a starches in conservation, please see

Resources and Citations

  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 766
  • The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8954
  • S.R.Trotman, E.R. Trotman, Textile Analysis, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1932
  • Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
  • Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
  • E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
  • Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
  • Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
  • CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980
  • Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989

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