Pencil

Illustration from a book written in 1565 by Konrad Gesner

Description

A tool for drawing and writing. The word "pencil" is derived from the Latin word for a fine-pointed brush, penicillum. The word was later used to describe a tool for holding a stick of dry media, such as Chalk, Lead, or Graphite. The first picture showing a Lead pencil appears in a 1565 woodcut as an ornate wood tube holding a tapered lead stick. Early lead pencils contained soft metallic Lead points encased in Wood shafts. In the mid 19th century, the Graphite pencil became more popular. The shafts of graphite pencils are made primarily from Graphite mixed with Clay. The earlier name of lead pencil transferred and, though incorrect, its use continued.

Drawing pencils are available in several grades of hardness depending on the relative concentrations of clay, binder and graphite. 9H contains the most clay and is the hardest, while 6B contains little clay and is very soft. Standard writing pencils are graded on a scale of 1 (soft) to 4 (hard).

Colored pencils are essentially crayons encased in a shaft.

Present-day artists' pencils

Silver Horn (Huangooah), Kiowa Apache, American, 1860–1940. MFA acc#1994.429.24

See also Colored pencil, Grease pencil, and Wax crayon.

Additional Information

• Henry Petroski, The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1990.

• James Watrous, The Craft of Old-Master Drawings, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1957.

Synonyms and Related Terms

lead pencil; graphite pencil; art pencil; colored pencil; wax pencil; grease pencil; charcoal pencil; carbon pencil; blyant (Dan., Nor.); Bleistift (Deut.); lápiz (Esp.); crayon mine (Fr.); matita (It.); potlood (Ned.); o³ówek (Pol.); lápis (Port.); blyertspenna (Sven.)

Comparisons

Websites of pastel, pencil, and marker manufacturers

Authority

• Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

• Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Pencil." Encyclopædia Britannica. 29 Apr. 2004 .

• Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)

• Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997

• The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998