Difference between revisions of "Chalcedony"
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== Description == | == Description == | ||
[[File:Amulet 98697.jpg|thumb|Babylonian amulet<br>MFA# 98.697]] | [[File:Amulet 98697.jpg|thumb|Babylonian amulet<br>MFA# 98.697]] | ||
| − | A translucent, quartz stone with usually a waxy luster. Chalcedony has tiny microscopic crystals that are sometimes arranged in slender fibrous bands. [[agate|Agates]] are a banded variety of chalcedony. A glassy red chalcedony is known as [[carnelian]] or [[sard]]. A dull green variety colored with nickel oxide is called [[chrysoprase]]. Plasma is a bright emerald green chalcedony that is called [[bloodstone]] when it contains small red spots of [[jasper]]. Chalcedony has been mined or gathered since Paleolithic times. It was used as beads, amulets and seals and is still used as an ornamental stone and gemstone. | + | A translucent, quartz stone with usually a waxy luster. Chalcedony has tiny microscopic crystals that are sometimes arranged in slender fibrous bands. [[agate|Agates]] are a banded variety of chalcedony. A glassy red chalcedony is known as [[carnelian]] or [[sard]]. A dull green variety colored with nickel oxide is called [[chrysoprase]]. Plasma is a bright emerald green chalcedony that is called [[bloodstone]] when it contains small red spots of [[jasper]]. Chalcedony has been mined or gathered since Paleolithic times. It was used as beads, amulets and seals and is still used as an ornamental stone and gemstone. The color and opacity can be changed by dyeing or heating. |
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[[File:Vespasian 98768.jpg|thumb|Roman Chalcedony bust<br>MFA# 98.768]] | [[File:Vespasian 98768.jpg|thumb|Roman Chalcedony bust<br>MFA# 98.768]] | ||
== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
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carnelian; sard; agate; chrysoprase; citrine; onyx; sardonyx; plasma; bloodstone; jasper; flint; plasma; Chalcedon (Deut.); calcedonia (Esp.); chalcédoine (Fr.); calcédoine (Fr.); chalcedon (Pol.); calcedônia (Port.); chalcedoon (Ned.) | carnelian; sard; agate; chrysoprase; citrine; onyx; sardonyx; plasma; bloodstone; jasper; flint; plasma; Chalcedon (Deut.); calcedonia (Esp.); chalcédoine (Fr.); calcédoine (Fr.); chalcedon (Pol.); calcedônia (Port.); chalcedoon (Ned.) | ||
| − | [[[SliderGallery rightalign|Chalcedony or flint.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]] | + | [[[SliderGallery rightalign|Chalcedony or flint.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|Quartz, collodion slide, 785 nm copy.tif~Raman (MFA)|QUARTZ1.jpg~XRD (MFA)]]] |
== Physical and Chemical Properties == | == Physical and Chemical Properties == | ||
| − | * No visible crystals | + | * No visible crystals |
| − | * | + | * Fracture = conchoidal, uneven, splintery |
| − | * | + | * Luster = greasy to vitreous |
| − | * Streak = white | + | * Streak = white |
| − | * | + | * Fluorescence = generally inert |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! scope="row"| Density | ! scope="row"| Density | ||
| 2.65 g/ml | | 2.65 g/ml | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! scope="row"| Refractive index | ||
| + | | 1.535 - 15539 | ||
|} | |} | ||
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== Resources and Citations == | == Resources and Citations == | ||
| − | + | * Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016. | |
* Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Quartz.shtml Quartz] | * Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Quartz.shtml Quartz] | ||
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* Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982 | * Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982 | ||
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* ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 | * ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 | ||
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* Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, ''Marble: the history of a culture'', Facts on File Publications | * Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, ''Marble: the history of a culture'', Facts on File Publications | ||
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* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962 | * A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962 | ||
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* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979 | * C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979 | ||
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* Sue Fuller, ''Rocks and Minerals'', DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1995 | * Sue Fuller, ''Rocks and Minerals'', DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1995 | ||
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chalcedony" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 4, 2001]. | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chalcedony" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 4, 2001]. | ||
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* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 647 | * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 647 | ||
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* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993 | * Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993 | ||
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* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 | * ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 | ||
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* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | * Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | ||
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* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | * ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | ||
Revision as of 12:20, 16 December 2022
Description
A translucent, quartz stone with usually a waxy luster. Chalcedony has tiny microscopic crystals that are sometimes arranged in slender fibrous bands. Agates are a banded variety of chalcedony. A glassy red chalcedony is known as Carnelian or Sard. A dull green variety colored with nickel oxide is called Chrysoprase. Plasma is a bright emerald green chalcedony that is called Bloodstone when it contains small red spots of Jasper. Chalcedony has been mined or gathered since Paleolithic times. It was used as beads, amulets and seals and is still used as an ornamental stone and gemstone. The color and opacity can be changed by dyeing or heating.
Synonyms and Related Terms
carnelian; sard; agate; chrysoprase; citrine; onyx; sardonyx; plasma; bloodstone; jasper; flint; plasma; Chalcedon (Deut.); calcedonia (Esp.); chalcédoine (Fr.); calcédoine (Fr.); chalcedon (Pol.); calcedônia (Port.); chalcedoon (Ned.)
Physical and Chemical Properties
- No visible crystals
- Fracture = conchoidal, uneven, splintery
- Luster = greasy to vitreous
- Streak = white
- Fluorescence = generally inert
| Composition | SiO2 |
|---|---|
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5-7.0 |
| Density | 2.65 g/ml |
| Refractive index | 1.535 - 15539 |
Comparisons
Properties of Common Gemstones
Additional Images
Chalcedony knife
Chalcedony
Resources and Citations
- Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
- Mineralogy Database: Quartz
- Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
- Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
- Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, Marble: the history of a culture, Facts on File Publications
- A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
- C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
- Sue Fuller, Rocks and Minerals, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1995
- Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chalcedony" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 4, 2001].
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 647
- Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
- Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
- Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
- The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998