Difference between revisions of "Realgar"

Latest revision as of 11:58, 29 February 2024

Realgar

Description

realgar at 100x (visible light left; UV light right)

A bright orange-red mineral composed of Arsenic disulfide. Realgar occurs naturally in the Czech Republic, Romania, Macedonia, China, Japan, Peru and the United States (Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, California) in Gold, Silver, and Lead ores along with Orpiment (arsenic trisulfide). Realgar was once widely used as a pigment because of its bright rich color, but perhaps less so than its mineral congener, orpiment. Early occurrences are known for works of art from China, India, Central Asia, and Egypt. In European painting, apart from fairly regular use in Venice in the 16th-century, the pigment occurs occasionally until about the middle of the 18th-century. It is a usual choice for the bright orange flowers depicted in Dutch 17th-century paintings, and enjoyed moderately regular use in British 17th- century and 18th-century painting, including as a pastel color. However, it is extremely toxic, which has had an effect on its range of application and availability. Realgar is not particularly stable and can undergo a transformation to a yellow polymorph, Pararealgar, As4S4; it can also deteriorate badly in oil paint films, resulting in rupturing, cracking and chalking, the pigment itself can fade under the action of light. Arsenic disulfide was made synthetically in the 18th century and sold as arsenic orange. The synthetic variety was purer and less expensive, but is no longer used because of its toxicity.

Raman (MFA)

SEM

EDS

Synonyms and Related Terms

arsenic disulfide; Pigment Yellow 39; CI 77085; realgar (Eng., Esp., Gr., It., Ned., Port.); Realgar (Deut.); rejalgar (Esp.); réalgar (Fr.); yuo (Jap.); Schwefelarsenik (Deut.); Sandarack (Deut.); Rauschrot (Deut.); red arsenic sulfide; arsenic orange; red orpiment; burnt orpiment; ruby sulfur; risalgallo; oropimente quemado; jalde; roseaker

Risks

Turns black in contact with copper and lead containing pigments.
Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
Carcinogenic

Physical and Chemical Properties

Isotropic crystals with good cleavage in one direction.
Burns with blue flame.
Darkens with heat.
Changes to red crystalline form at 170C.
Soluble in alkaline sulfide solutions and nitric acid. Insoluble in water and hydrochloric acid.
Fracture = conchoidal.
Luster = resinous to adamantine.
Streak = orange-yellow

Pigment particles are pleochroic with high birefringence and straight extinction

Composition	AsS or As4S4
Mohs Hardness	1.5 - 2.0
Melting Point	307-320 C
Density	3.56-3.59 g/ml
Refractive Index	2.538, 2.684, 2.704
Boiling Point	565 C

Resources and Citations

V

Wikipedia: Realgar Accessed Setp. 14, 2005 and August 2023
E.West FitzHugh, "Orpiment and Realgar", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
Mineralogy Database: RealgarRecord content reviewed by EU-Artech, November 2007.
Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
External source or communication Comment: Submitted information: Ashok Roy, November 2007
G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 69
Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Realgar." Accessed 12 May 2004 .
Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Elisabeth West FitzHugh, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, 1997 Comment: E.West FitzHugh, "Orpiment and Realgar"
R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 3.56 and ref. index = 2.46; 2.61; 2.59
Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Pigments Through the Ages -http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/realgar.html - Refractive index: alpha = 2.4; beta = 2.81; gamma =3.02
Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:212 realgar.jpg|thumb|Realgar]]
 == Description ==
+[[File:realgar C100x.jpg|thumb|realgar at 100x (visible light left; UV light right)]]
-A bright orange-red mineral composed of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=arsenic%20disulfide arsenic disulfide]. Realgar occurs naturally in the Czech Republic, Romania, Macedonia, Japan, and the United States (Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, California) in lead and silver ores along with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=orpiment orpiment] (arsenic trisulfide). Realgar was once widely used as a pigment because of its bright rich color, but perhaps less so than its mineral congener, orpiment.  Early occurrences are known for works of art from China, India, Central Asia, and Egypt.  In European painting, apart from fairly regular use in Venice in the 16th-century, the pigment occurs occasionally until about the middle of the 18th-century.  It is a usual choice for the bright orange flowers depicted in Dutch 17th-century paintings, and enjoyed moderately regular use in British 17th- century and 18th-century painting, including as a pastel color. However, it is extremely toxic, which has had an effect on its range of application and availability. Realgar is not particularly stable and can undergo a transformation to a polymorph, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=pararealgar pararealgar], AsS; it can also deteriorate badly in oil paint films, resulting in rupturing, cracking and chalking, the pigment itself can fade under the action of light. Arsenic disulfide was made synthetically in the 18th century and sold as arsenic orange. The synthetic variety was purer and less expensive, but is no longer used because of its toxicity.
+A bright orange-red mineral composed of [[arsenic%20disulfide|arsenic disulfide]]. Realgar occurs naturally in the Czech Republic, Romania, Macedonia, China, Japan, Peru and the United States (Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, California) in [[gold]], [[silver]], and [[lead]] ores along with [[orpiment]] (arsenic trisulfide). Realgar was once widely used as a pigment because of its bright rich color, but perhaps less so than its mineral congener, orpiment.  Early occurrences are known for works of art from China, India, Central Asia, and Egypt.  In European painting, apart from fairly regular use in Venice in the 16th-century, the pigment occurs occasionally until about the middle of the 18th-century.  It is a usual choice for the bright orange flowers depicted in Dutch 17th-century paintings, and enjoyed moderately regular use in British 17th- century and 18th-century painting, including as a pastel color. However, it is extremely toxic, which has had an effect on its range of application and availability. Realgar is not particularly stable and can undergo a transformation to a yellow polymorph, [[pararealgar]], As4S4; it can also deteriorate badly in oil paint films, resulting in rupturing, cracking and chalking, the pigment itself can fade under the action of light. Arsenic disulfide was made synthetically in the 18th century and sold as arsenic orange. The synthetic variety was purer and less expensive, but is no longer used because of its toxicity.
+[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Realgar (Forbes MFA 213) 785 nm resize.tif~Raman (MFA)|f212sem.jpg~SEM|f212edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
-[[File:realgar C100x.jpg|thumb|realgar]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
-arsenic disulfide; Pigment Yellow 39; CI 77085; realgar (Eng., Esp., Gr., It., Ned., Port.); Realgar (Deut.); rejalgar (Esp.); ralgar (Fr.); yuo (Jap.); Schwefelarsenik (Deut.); Sandarack (Deut.); Rauschrot (Deut.); red arsenic sulfide; arsenic orange; red orpiment; burnt orpiment; ruby sulfur; risalgallo; oropimente quemado; jalde; roseaker
+arsenic disulfide; Pigment Yellow 39; CI 77085; realgar (Eng., Esp., Gr., It., Ned., Port.); Realgar (Deut.); rejalgar (Esp.); réalgar (Fr.); yuo (Jap.); Schwefelarsenik (Deut.); Sandarack (Deut.); Rauschrot (Deut.); red arsenic sulfide; arsenic orange; red orpiment; burnt orpiment; ruby sulfur; risalgallo; oropimente quemado; jalde; roseaker
-[[[SliderGallery rightalign|RealgarUCL.jpg~Raman|f212sem.jpg~SEM|f212edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
-== Other Properties ==
+== Risks ==
-Isotropic crystals with good cleavage in one direction.  Burns with blue flame.  Darkens with heat. Changes to red crystalline form at 170C.
+* Turns black in contact with copper and lead containing pigments.
+* Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
+* Carcinogenic
-Soluble in alkaline sulfide solutions and nitric acid. Insoluble in water and hydrochloric acid.
+==Physical and Chemical Properties==
-Fracture = conchoidal.  Luster = resinous to adamantine.  Streak = orange-yellow
+* Isotropic crystals with good cleavage in one direction.
+* Burns with blue flame.
+* Darkens with heat.
+* Changes to red crystalline form at 170C.
+* Soluble in alkaline sulfide solutions and nitric acid. Insoluble in water and hydrochloric acid.
+* Fracture = conchoidal.
+* Luster = resinous to adamantine.
+* Streak = orange-yellow
 Pigment particles are pleochroic with high birefringence and straight extinction
@@ Line 30: / Line 36: @@
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Melting Point
-| 307-320
+| 307-320 C
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Density
-| 3.56-3.59
+| 3.56-3.59 g/ml
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Refractive Index
@@ Line 39: / Line 45: @@
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Boiling Point
-| 565
+| 565 C
 |}
-== Hazards and Safety ==
+==Resources and Citations==
+V
-Turns black in contact with copper and lead containing pigments.
+* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realgar Realgar] Accessed Setp. 14, 2005 and August 2023
+* E.West FitzHugh, "Orpiment and Realgar", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
-Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
+* Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Realgar.shtml Realgar]Record content reviewed by EU-Artech, November 2007.
+* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
-== Additional Information ==
+* External source or communication  Comment: Submitted information: Ashok Roy, November 2007
+* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 69
-E.West FitzHugh, "Orpiment and Realgar", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.  Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Realgar.shtml Realgar]Record content reviewed by EU-Artech, November 2007.
+* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Realgar." Accessed 12 May 2004 .
-== Authority ==
-* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
-* External source or communication, External source or communication  Comment: Submitted information: Ashok Roy, November 2007
-* G.S.Brady, G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 69
-* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Realgar." Encyclopdia Britannica. 2004.  Encyclopdia Britannica Premium Service.  12 May 2004  .
 * ''Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics'', Elisabeth West FitzHugh, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, 1997  Comment: E.West FitzHugh, "Orpiment and Realgar"
+* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966  Comment: density = 3.56 and ref. index = 2.46; 2.61; 2.59
-* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966  Comment: density = 3.56 and ref. index = 2.46; 2.61; 2.59
+* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
+* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
-* Ralph Mayer, Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
+* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
+* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
-* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
+* Pigments Through the Ages -http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/realgar.html - Refractive index: alpha = 2.4; beta = 2.81; gamma =3.02
+* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
-* Thomas B. Brill, Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
-* Susan E. Schur, Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
-* Website address 1, Website address 1  Comment: Pigments Through the Ages -http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/realgar.html - Refractive index: alpha = 2.4; beta = 2.81; gamma =3.02
-* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realgar (Accessed Sept. 14, 2005)
-* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
 [[Category:Materials database]]