Difference between revisions of "Rods/Pipes"
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| − | A rod is classically defined as a thin, straight cylindrical bar of material, usually wood or metal. In the 20th century, plastics became the the material of choice for most rods as they were readily available and light weight. New plastic materials offer strength and stiffness comparable to steel, and innovative processing capabilities allow us to machine plastic parts with tight tolerances. Combined with other benefits, many industries – particular medical and aerospace – are replacing their metal parts with plastic. | + | A rod is classically defined as a thin, straight cylindrical bar of material, usually wood or metal. In the 20th century, plastics became the the material of choice for most rods as they were readily available and light weight. New plastic materials offer strength and stiffness comparable to steel, and innovative processing capabilities allow us to machine plastic parts with tight tolerances. Combined with other benefits, many industries – particular medical and aerospace – are replacing their metal parts with plastic. |
| − | A plastic rod is a solid plastic shape generally made by the process of plastic extrusion. Most plastic rods fall into the category of thermoplastic that can be reheated and harden when they cool. Thermoplastics have a wide range of properties and can be recycled. In contrast thermosets, can not be reshaped when heated and are not recyclable. However, the structural integrity of thermosets and their resistance to chemicals often make them preferable over metals because they have a higher strength to weight ratio. Thermosets are often used in composites. | + | For art conservation, small and flexible tubes are mainly used as padding and interleaf over monofilament thread or metal rod mounts. Examples of tubing include heat-shrinkable tubing (made of [[Teflon]], [[polyethylene]] or [[polypropylene]]) on metal wire, or [[Silicone resin|silicone]] and polyethylene (surgical) tubing over monofilament lines to provide padding at points of contact. Polyethylene foam tubes and foam cylinders, sold typically as insulation to cover metal pipes, can also be used as padding and support in a variety of museum applications. Large and rigid tubes or rods are used primarily for display and for storing rolled flat textiles and similar objects. Tubing made of flexible [[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] ([[Tygon]]), [[vulcanized rubber]] or any rubber containing sulfur compounds should not be used. |
| + | |||
| + | A plastic rod is a solid plastic shape generally made by the process of plastic extrusion. Most plastic rods fall into the category of thermoplastic that can be reheated and harden when they cool. Thermoplastics have a wide range of properties and can be recycled. In contrast thermosets, can not be reshaped when heated and are not recyclable. However, the structural integrity of thermosets and their resistance to chemicals often make them preferable over metals because they have a higher strength to weight ratio. Thermosets are often used in composites. Due to the wide variety of plastics currently used in the production of plastic rods, the table below has been created to show some of their variations. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Materials | ! Materials | ||
| − | ! | + | ! Tensile strength (psi) |
! Density (g/cm3) | ! Density (g/cm3) | ||
! Fabrication | ! Fabrication | ||
! Comments | ! Comments | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | colspan="5" | ''' | + | | colspan="5" | '''''Thermoplastic''''' |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | [[Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene|Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene]] (ABS) |
| 4,100 | | 4,100 | ||
| 1.04 | | 1.04 | ||
| Easy to machine, can be welded (ultrasonic and thermal); easy to paint or glue | | Easy to machine, can be welded (ultrasonic and thermal); easy to paint or glue | ||
| − | | Low cost | + | | Low cost engineering plastic with good impact resistance and strength. Used for tubes and rods |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Acetal (Delrin, polyoxymethylene) | + | | [[Acetal resin|Acetal]] ([[Delrin]], polyoxymethylene) |
| 10,000 | | 10,000 | ||
| 1.42 | | 1.42 | ||
| Line 26: | Line 28: | ||
| High-strength, semi-crystalline with low absorption in moisture; resistant to solvents | | High-strength, semi-crystalline with low absorption in moisture; resistant to solvents | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Acrylic (Plexiglas) | + | | [[Acrylic resin|Acrylic]] ([[Plexiglas]]) |
| 10,000 | | 10,000 | ||
| 1.19 | | 1.19 | ||
| − | | Cast rods have better optical clarity and | + | | Cast rods have better optical clarity and machinability than extruded rods, but also more costly |
| − | | Strong, stiff, with glass-like properties (clarity, transparency, and brilliance), but it is half the weight and more | + | | Strong, stiff, with glass-like properties (clarity, transparency, and brilliance), but it is half the weight and has much more impact resistance than glass |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Nylon | + | | [[Nylon]] |
| 12,400 | | 12,400 | ||
| 1.14 | | 1.14 | ||
| Line 38: | Line 40: | ||
| Stiff and strong engineering plastic containing outstanding wear and abrasion resistance; should be ne used for extened outdoor service | | Stiff and strong engineering plastic containing outstanding wear and abrasion resistance; should be ne used for extened outdoor service | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Polyamide imide (PAI) | + | | [[Polyamide-imide|Polyamide imide]] (PAI) |
| 21,000 | | 21,000 | ||
| 1.41 | | 1.41 | ||
| Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | ||
| − | | | + | | Good wear and radiation resistance, inherently low flammability and smoke emission, and high thermal stability. The highest strength of any unreinforced thermoplastic, |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Polycarbonate | + | | [[Polycarbonate]] |
| 9,500 | | 9,500 | ||
| 1.20 | | 1.20 | ||
| Line 50: | Line 52: | ||
| Semi-transparent, stiff, and strong with outstanding impact resistance and low moisture absorption. | | Semi-transparent, stiff, and strong with outstanding impact resistance and low moisture absorption. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Polyethylene (HDPE) | + | | [[Polyethylene]] (HDPE) |
| 4,000 | | 4,000 | ||
| 0.96 | | 0.96 | ||
| Line 56: | Line 58: | ||
| High-density polyethylene is a chemically resistant, strong, durable, lightweight plastic material | | High-density polyethylene is a chemically resistant, strong, durable, lightweight plastic material | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) | + | | [[Polyetheretherketone]] (PEEK) |
| 14,000 | | 14,000 | ||
| 1.32 | | 1.32 | ||
| Line 62: | Line 64: | ||
| Very high mechanical strength and dimensional stability (similar to Delrin, PTFE and Nylon) | | Very high mechanical strength and dimensional stability (similar to Delrin, PTFE and Nylon) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Polyphenylene sulfide PPS | + | | [[Polyphenylene sulfide|Polyphenylene sulfide]] (PPS) |
| 12,500 | | 12,500 | ||
| 1.35 | | 1.35 | ||
| Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | ||
| − | | heat resistance, dimensional stability, rigidity, chemical resistance, flame retardance, and moist-heat resistance. It is also resistant to acids, | + | | Good heat resistance, dimensional stability, rigidity, chemical resistance, flame retardance, and moist-heat resistance. It is also resistant to acids, alkalis, mildew, bleaches, aging, sunlight, and abrasion |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Polypropylene | + | | [[Polypropylene]] |
| 5,400 | | 5,400 | ||
| 0.91 | | 0.91 | ||
| Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | ||
| − | | | + | | Chemically resistant plastic rod with excellent aesthetic properties at a cost that is low. The polypropylene plastic rod is easy to weld using thermoplastic welding equipment, |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE | + | | [[Polytetrafluoroethylene]] (PTFE, [[Teflon]]) |
| 1,500-3,000 | | 1,500-3,000 | ||
| 2.15 | | 2.15 | ||
| Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment; adhesion is difficult | | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment; adhesion is difficult | ||
| − | | | + | | Soft, low friction fluoropolymer rod that has outstanding resistance to weathering and chemicals |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Polyurethane | + | | [[Polyurethane]] |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 86: | Line 88: | ||
| can be bonded to metals fabrics and other plastics | | can be bonded to metals fabrics and other plastics | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | [[Polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC, Vinyl, [[Tygon]]) |
| | | | ||
| 1.42 | | 1.42 | ||
| Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | ||
| − | | | + | | Strong and stiff; low-cost plastic material that is easy to fabricate and easy to bond using solvents and adhesives. The polyvinyl chloride plastic rod is also easy to weld using thermoplastic welding |
|- | |- | ||
| Ultem (Polyetherimide, PEI) | | Ultem (Polyetherimide, PEI) | ||
| Line 96: | Line 98: | ||
| 1.27 | | 1.27 | ||
| Can be drilled, cut, sawed, sanded, maintains close tolerances | | Can be drilled, cut, sawed, sanded, maintains close tolerances | ||
| − | | | + | | Properties similar to PEEK, but with a lower impact strength and usable temperature as well as a lower cost; excellent flame resistance |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | colspan="5" | ''' | + | | colspan="5" | '''''Thermoset''''' |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) | + | | [[Fiberglass |Fiberglass]] reinforced plastic (FRP) |
| 30,000 | | 30,000 | ||
| 1.07-1.20 | | 1.07-1.20 | ||
| Can be drilled, cut, sawed, sanded, maintains close tolerances | | Can be drilled, cut, sawed, sanded, maintains close tolerances | ||
| − | | | + | | Thermoset; rigid polyester matrix reinforced with glass fibers; good insulator with low thermal conductivity; not electrically conductive |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Filled phenolic | + | | Filled [[Phenolic resin|phenolic]] |
| 11,500 | | 11,500 | ||
| 1.35 | | 1.35 | ||
| − | | Machines readily with excellent dimensional | + | | Machines readily with excellent dimensional stability |
| Can visually look appear like wood or metal; may emit formaldehyde | | Can visually look appear like wood or metal; may emit formaldehyde | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Reinforced epoxy (FR-4 Glass Epoxy) | + | | Reinforced [[Epoxy|epoxy]] (FR-4 Glass Epoxy) |
| 38,000 | | 38,000 | ||
| 1.8 | | 1.8 | ||
| Line 118: | Line 120: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | colspan="5" | ''' | + | | colspan="5" | '''''Other''''' |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Aluminum 6061-T6 | + | | [[Aluminum]] 6061-T6 |
| 45,000 | | 45,000 | ||
| 2.70 | | 2.70 | ||
| Good machinability | | Good machinability | ||
| − | | | + | | Can cause galvanic corrosion; easily deforms under impact |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Copper | + | | [[Copper]] |
| 28,000 | | 28,000 | ||
| 8.93 | | 8.93 | ||
| Good machinability | | Good machinability | ||
| − | | | + | | May oxidize and/or corrode |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Brass | + | | [[Brass]] |
| 45,000 | | 45,000 | ||
| 8.5-8.8 | | 8.5-8.8 | ||
| Good machinability | | Good machinability | ||
| − | | | + | | May oxidize and/or corrode |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Stainless Steel 304 | + | | [[Stainless steel|Stainless Steel]] 304 |
| 90,000 | | 90,000 | ||
| 7.7-8.0 | | 7.7-8.0 | ||
| May require welding or cutting torches | | May require welding or cutting torches | ||
| − | | | + | | May oxidize and/or corrode; requires painting or galvanizing; can permanently deform under impact |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Glass | + | | [[Glass]] |
| 1,000 | | 1,000 | ||
| 2.4-2.8 | | 2.4-2.8 | ||
| Line 150: | Line 152: | ||
| Transparent, stable in most environments | | Transparent, stable in most environments | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Wood | + | | [[Wood]] |
| 12,000 | | 12,000 | ||
| 0.48 | | 0.48 | ||
| Line 156: | Line 158: | ||
| Can warp, rot and decay, susceptible to attack by insects; low thermal conductivity; may emit acidic vapors when drying | | Can warp, rot and decay, susceptible to attack by insects; low thermal conductivity; may emit acidic vapors when drying | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | |||
== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
| Line 162: | Line 163: | ||
==Resources and Citations== | ==Resources and Citations== | ||
| + | * Jean Tétreault, '[https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/technical-bulletins/products-used-preventive-conservation.html Products Used in Preventive Conservation]', Canadian Conservation Institute, Technical Bulletin 32 | ||
| + | * Industrial Quick Search: [https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/plastic-extrusion/plastic-rods.html Plastic Rods] | ||
| + | * EPlastics: [https://www.eplastics.com/ Plastic Properties] | ||
| + | * Curbell Plastics: [https://www.curbellplastics.com/Research-Solutions/Plastic-Properties Plastic Properties] | ||
| + | * Bedford Reinforced Materials: [https://bedfordreinforced.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/BRP19032-FRP-vs-Traditional-Materials_Bedford_LR.pdf FRP vs other materials] | ||
| + | * The Free Dictionary: [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/rod Definition] | ||
[[Category:Materials database]][[Category:MWG]][[Category: Tubing/Rod]][[Category:Comparisons]] | [[Category:Materials database]][[Category:MWG]][[Category: Tubing/Rod]][[Category:Comparisons]] | ||
Latest revision as of 10:08, 2 May 2023
Description
A rod is classically defined as a thin, straight cylindrical bar of material, usually wood or metal. In the 20th century, plastics became the the material of choice for most rods as they were readily available and light weight. New plastic materials offer strength and stiffness comparable to steel, and innovative processing capabilities allow us to machine plastic parts with tight tolerances. Combined with other benefits, many industries – particular medical and aerospace – are replacing their metal parts with plastic.
For art conservation, small and flexible tubes are mainly used as padding and interleaf over monofilament thread or metal rod mounts. Examples of tubing include heat-shrinkable tubing (made of Teflon, Polyethylene or Polypropylene) on metal wire, or silicone and polyethylene (surgical) tubing over monofilament lines to provide padding at points of contact. Polyethylene foam tubes and foam cylinders, sold typically as insulation to cover metal pipes, can also be used as padding and support in a variety of museum applications. Large and rigid tubes or rods are used primarily for display and for storing rolled flat textiles and similar objects. Tubing made of flexible PVC (Tygon), Vulcanized rubber or any rubber containing sulfur compounds should not be used.
A plastic rod is a solid plastic shape generally made by the process of plastic extrusion. Most plastic rods fall into the category of thermoplastic that can be reheated and harden when they cool. Thermoplastics have a wide range of properties and can be recycled. In contrast thermosets, can not be reshaped when heated and are not recyclable. However, the structural integrity of thermosets and their resistance to chemicals often make them preferable over metals because they have a higher strength to weight ratio. Thermosets are often used in composites. Due to the wide variety of plastics currently used in the production of plastic rods, the table below has been created to show some of their variations.
| Materials | Tensile strength (psi) | Density (g/cm3) | Fabrication | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thermoplastic | ||||
| Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) | 4,100 | 1.04 | Easy to machine, can be welded (ultrasonic and thermal); easy to paint or glue | Low cost engineering plastic with good impact resistance and strength. Used for tubes and rods |
| Acetal (Delrin, polyoxymethylene) | 10,000 | 1.42 | Can be drilled, cut, sawed, sanded, maintains close tolerances | High-strength, semi-crystalline with low absorption in moisture; resistant to solvents |
| Acrylic (Plexiglas) | 10,000 | 1.19 | Cast rods have better optical clarity and machinability than extruded rods, but also more costly | Strong, stiff, with glass-like properties (clarity, transparency, and brilliance), but it is half the weight and has much more impact resistance than glass |
| Nylon | 12,400 | 1.14 | Easy to fabricate, lightweight | Stiff and strong engineering plastic containing outstanding wear and abrasion resistance; should be ne used for extened outdoor service |
| Polyamide imide (PAI) | 21,000 | 1.41 | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | Good wear and radiation resistance, inherently low flammability and smoke emission, and high thermal stability. The highest strength of any unreinforced thermoplastic, |
| Polycarbonate | 9,500 | 1.20 | Can be drilled, cut, sawed, sanded, maintains close tolerances; easy to join with adhesives | Semi-transparent, stiff, and strong with outstanding impact resistance and low moisture absorption. |
| Polyethylene (HDPE) | 4,000 | 0.96 | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | High-density polyethylene is a chemically resistant, strong, durable, lightweight plastic material |
| Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) | 14,000 | 1.32 | Readily machined maintaining close tolerances | Very high mechanical strength and dimensional stability (similar to Delrin, PTFE and Nylon) |
| Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) | 12,500 | 1.35 | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | Good heat resistance, dimensional stability, rigidity, chemical resistance, flame retardance, and moist-heat resistance. It is also resistant to acids, alkalis, mildew, bleaches, aging, sunlight, and abrasion |
| Polypropylene | 5,400 | 0.91 | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | Chemically resistant plastic rod with excellent aesthetic properties at a cost that is low. The polypropylene plastic rod is easy to weld using thermoplastic welding equipment, |
| Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) | 1,500-3,000 | 2.15 | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment; adhesion is difficult | Soft, low friction fluoropolymer rod that has outstanding resistance to weathering and chemicals |
| Polyurethane | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | can be bonded to metals fabrics and other plastics | ||
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC, Vinyl, Tygon) | 1.42 | Easy to fabricate and weld using thermoplastic welding equipment | Strong and stiff; low-cost plastic material that is easy to fabricate and easy to bond using solvents and adhesives. The polyvinyl chloride plastic rod is also easy to weld using thermoplastic welding | |
| Ultem (Polyetherimide, PEI) | 15,200 | 1.27 | Can be drilled, cut, sawed, sanded, maintains close tolerances | Properties similar to PEEK, but with a lower impact strength and usable temperature as well as a lower cost; excellent flame resistance |
| Thermoset | ||||
| Fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) | 30,000 | 1.07-1.20 | Can be drilled, cut, sawed, sanded, maintains close tolerances | Thermoset; rigid polyester matrix reinforced with glass fibers; good insulator with low thermal conductivity; not electrically conductive |
| Filled phenolic | 11,500 | 1.35 | Machines readily with excellent dimensional stability | Can visually look appear like wood or metal; may emit formaldehyde |
| Reinforced Epoxy (FR-4 Glass Epoxy) | 38,000 | 1.8 | ||
| Other | ||||
| Aluminum 6061-T6 | 45,000 | 2.70 | Good machinability | Can cause galvanic corrosion; easily deforms under impact |
| Copper | 28,000 | 8.93 | Good machinability | May oxidize and/or corrode |
| Brass | 45,000 | 8.5-8.8 | Good machinability | May oxidize and/or corrode |
| Stainless Steel 304 | 90,000 | 7.7-8.0 | May require welding or cutting torches | May oxidize and/or corrode; requires painting or galvanizing; can permanently deform under impact |
| Glass | 1,000 | 2.4-2.8 | May splinter or shatter | Transparent, stable in most environments |
| Wood | 12,000 | 0.48 | Easily fabricated, joined and adhered | Can warp, rot and decay, susceptible to attack by insects; low thermal conductivity; may emit acidic vapors when drying |
Synonyms and Related Terms
dowel; stick; pole; wand; staff,
Resources and Citations
- Jean Tétreault, 'Products Used in Preventive Conservation', Canadian Conservation Institute, Technical Bulletin 32
- Industrial Quick Search: Plastic Rods
- EPlastics: Plastic Properties
- Curbell Plastics: Plastic Properties
- Bedford Reinforced Materials: FRP vs other materials
- The Free Dictionary: Definition