Difference between revisions of "Abrasive"

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== Description ==
 
== Description ==
  
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Hard, fine particles used to polish metals, stone, wood, glass, and other materials. Naturally occurring materials used as abrasives include [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=diamond diamond], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=emery emery], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=corundum corundum], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=sand sand], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=garnet garnet], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=quartz quartz], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=pumice pumice], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=diatomaceous%20earth diatomite], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=kaolin kaolin], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=fuller%27s%20earth fuller's earth], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=talc talc], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=chalk chalk], and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=cuttlebone cuttlefish bone]. Manufactured materials used as abrasives include [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=silicon%20carbide silicon carbide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=aluminum%20oxide aluminum oxide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zirconium%20oxide zirconium oxide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=titanium%20dioxide titanium dioxide], green rouge ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=chromic%20oxide chromic oxide]), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=stannic%20oxide stannic oxide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=ceric%20oxide cerium oxide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=glass glass], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=boron%20carbide boron carbide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=boron%20nitride boron nitride], and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=synthetic%20diamond synthetic diamond]. Abrasives are sold as powders, slurries, and as abrasive cloths, papers, and wheels. They are characterized by hardness and particle size. Their hardness can be measured on the [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Mohs%27%20hardness%20scale Mohs' scale] in which the diamond is rated as a 10. Mild abrasives, such as chalk and talc, have a hardness of 1-3 Mohs. Diamond and silicon carbide are hard abrasives. Particle size depends on the mesh of the sieves used for separation, i.e. a 600 grit abrasive contains particles 8 micrometers and smaller.
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Hard, fine particles used to polish metals, stone, wood, glass, and other materials. Naturally occurring materials used as abrasives include [[diamond|diamond]], [[emery|emery]], [[corundum|corundum]], [[sand|sand]], [[garnet|garnet]], [[quartz|quartz]], [[pumice|pumice]], [[diatomaceous%20earth|diatomite]], [[kaolin|kaolin]], [[fuller%27s%20earth|fuller's earth]], [[talc|talc]], [[chalk|chalk]], and [[cuttlebone|cuttlefish bone]]. Manufactured materials used as abrasives include [[silicon%20carbide|silicon carbide]], [[aluminum%20oxide|aluminum oxide]], [[zirconium%20oxide|zirconium oxide]], [[titanium%20dioxide|titanium dioxide]], green rouge ([[chromic%20oxide|chromic oxide]]), [[stannic%20oxide|stannic oxide]], [[ceric%20oxide|cerium oxide]], [[glass|glass]], [[boron%20carbide|boron carbide]], boron nitride, and [[synthetic%20diamond|synthetic diamond]]. Abrasives are sold as powders, slurries, and as abrasive cloths, papers, and wheels. They are characterized by hardness and particle size. Their hardness can be measured on the [[Mohs%27%20hardness%20scale|Mohs' scale]] in which the diamond is rated as a 10. Mild abrasives, such as chalk and talc, have a hardness of 1-3 Mohs. Diamond and silicon carbide are hard abrasives. Particle size depends on the mesh of the sieves used for separation, i.e. a 600 grit abrasive contains particles 8 micrometers and smaller.
  
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Line 10: Line 10:
 
== Comparisons ==
 
== Comparisons ==
  
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[[media:download_file_166.pdf|Properties of Common Abrasives]]
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{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Compound
 +
! Names
 +
! Chemical classification
 +
! Source
 +
! Color
 +
! Hardness
 +
! Density
 +
! Commercial product names
 +
|-
 +
| '''''NATURAL'''''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| diamond
 +
| balla, bort, carbonado
 +
| carbon
 +
| Naturally occurring primarily in  Africa, southeast Asia, South America and Australia; Synthetic-made in 1955
 +
| transparent to black
 +
| 10
 +
| 3.51-3.53
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| aluminum  oxide
 +
| alumina, corundum, sapphire,  ruby
 +
| oxide
 +
| Mineral (corundum);  Synthetic-first made in 1888
 +
| white
 +
| 9
 +
| 3.9-4.1
 +
| Alundum®, Aloxite,  Bauxilite
 +
|-
 +
| emery
 +
| corundite, emery flour,  jeweler's emery, black sand
 +
| oxide
 +
| Natural mixture of corundum  (Al2O3) and magnetite; used since ancient times
 +
| black
 +
| 8.0-9.0
 +
| 3.7-4.3
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| silicon  dioxide
 +
| sand, silica, quartz, glass,  chert, flint
 +
| oxide
 +
| Naturally occuring world-wide
 +
| clear to opaque
 +
| 5.5-7.0
 +
| 2.2-2.6
 +
| Silex
 +
|-
 +
| iron  oxide
 +
| hematite, colcothar, crocus  powder, ferric oxide, jeweler's rouge, optical rouge, red rouge
 +
| oxide
 +
| Naturally occuring  world-wide.  Used since ancient times
 +
| red
 +
| 5.5 - 6.5
 +
| 5.25
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| whetstone
 +
| oilstone, waterstone,  snakestone, honestone, rubbing stone, coticule, Ayr stone, novaculite
 +
| silicate
 +
| Naturally occuring world-wide;  general name used for stones used to sharpen tools
 +
| white to gray or black
 +
| 5.5-7.0
 +
| 2.2-2.5
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| garnet
 +
| pyrope, almandine, carbuncle
 +
| silicate
 +
| Mineral
 +
| red
 +
| 6.5-7.5
 +
| 3.52-4.32
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| pumice
 +
| potassium aluminum silicate,  pumice stone, pumicite, volcanic glass
 +
| silcate
 +
| Natural volcanic mineral-used  since ancient times
 +
| gray
 +
| 6.0-6.5
 +
| 0.64
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| diatomite
 +
| diatomaceous earth, fossil  flour, siliceous earth, infusorial earth, celite, kieselguhr
 +
| silicate
 +
| Fossilized remains of diatoms
 +
| gray
 +
| 6.0-6.5
 +
| 1.9-2.35
 +
| Snow Floss, Celite®, Sil-O-Cel,  Super-Cel, Kenite®, Diactiv®, Primisil®
 +
|-
 +
| kaolin
 +
| kaolinite, China clay,  Devonshire clay, bolus alba, procelain clay, argilla, fuller's earth
 +
| silicate
 +
| Naturally occuring world-wide
 +
| white
 +
| 2.0 - 2.5
 +
| 2.6-2.63
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| talc
 +
| talcum, soapstone, steatite,  asbestine, tailors chalk
 +
| silicate
 +
| Naturally occuring world-wide
 +
| white, gray or green
 +
| 1.0
 +
| 2.5-2.8
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| staurolite
 +
|
 +
| silicate
 +
| Naturally occurring mineral in  Switzerland and Georgia (USA)
 +
| reddish brown to black
 +
| 7-7.5
 +
| 3.6-3.8
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| feldspar
 +
| plagioclase, anorthoclase,  orthoclase, microcline
 +
| silicate
 +
| Naturally occurring mineral
 +
| whitish
 +
| 6-6.5
 +
| 2.56
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| stannic  oxide
 +
| putty powder, jeweler's putty,  tin dioxide
 +
| oxide
 +
| Mineral (cassiterite);
 +
| white
 +
| 6.0-7.0
 +
| 6.6-6.9
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| rottenstone
 +
| rotten stone, tripoli
 +
| mix of limestone and silicate
 +
| Naturally occuring mineral -  extensively from South Wales.
 +
| reddish-brown
 +
| 3.0-6.0
 +
| 2.0-3.0
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| calcium  carbonate
 +
| chalk, whiting, calcite
 +
| carbonate
 +
| Naturally occuring in most  part's of the world as marble, limestone, and sea shells
 +
| white
 +
| 3.0
 +
| 2.71
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| plant  products
 +
| walnut shells, rice husk,  dusting powder (cellulose)
 +
| cellulose, lignin
 +
| Naturally occurring
 +
| light brown
 +
| 2.0 - 4.0
 +
| 1.2-1.35
 +
| Agra-grit, Agrashell
 +
|-
 +
| animal  products
 +
| fish skin, shagreen, sharkskin,  horse tail, horse hair, bone
 +
| keratin, collagen
 +
| Naturally occurring
 +
| varies
 +
| 2.0 - 4.0
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| '''''SYNTHETIC'''''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| titanium  dioxide
 +
| titania
 +
| oxide
 +
| Mineral (rutile);  Synthetic-anatase made in 1906; rutile made in 1938
 +
| white
 +
| 6.0-6.5
 +
| 4.26
 +
| Titanox; Unitane
 +
|-
 +
| zirconium  oxide
 +
| zircon, zirconia
 +
| oxide
 +
| Mineral (baddeleyite); synthetic
 +
| white
 +
| 8.0-8.5
 +
| 5.85
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| chromic  oxide
 +
| chromia, green rouge
 +
| oxide
 +
| Synthetic-first made in 1809
 +
| dull green
 +
| 8.0-8.5
 +
| 5.22
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| cerium  oxide
 +
| ceric oxide, ceria
 +
| oxide
 +
| Mineral (bastaenite and  monazite); purified for use
 +
| yellow to brown
 +
| 6.0-7.0
 +
| 7.22
 +
| Ceriorouge
 +
|-
 +
| silicon  carbide
 +
| Carborundum
 +
| carbide
 +
| Synthetic-discovered in 1884;  mass produced since 1893 as an abrasive
 +
| green to black
 +
| 9.0-9.5
 +
| 3.21-3.23
 +
| Micromesh, Carborundum,  Unirundum, Carbofrax
 +
|-
 +
| tungsten  carbide
 +
| carbide, Moissinite
 +
| carbide
 +
| Synthetic-first made in 1893;  production started between 1913 and 1918
 +
| gray to black
 +
| 9.0-9.5
 +
| 15.60
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| boron  carbide
 +
| black diamond
 +
| carbide
 +
| Synthetic-discovered in 19th c;  first synthesized in 1899
 +
| black
 +
| 9.75
 +
| 2.50
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| metal  wool
 +
| steel wool, bronze wool
 +
| metal
 +
|
 +
| metallic
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| boron  nitride
 +
| Borazon, CBN
 +
| nitride
 +
| Synthetic-first made in 1957
 +
| gold to brown
 +
| 9.5-10.5
 +
| 2.10
 +
| Borazon
 +
|}
  
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[[media:download_file_242.pdf|Properties of Common Abrasives]]
+
==Downloads/Print==
 +
[[media:Abrasive_table.xls|Properties of Common Abrasives (Excel)]]
  
 +
[[media:download_file_231.pdf|Properties of Common Abrasives (pdf)]]
  
 +
== Resources and Citations ==
  
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== Authority ==
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "abrasive" [Accessed October 2, 2003].
−
 
 
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "abrasive" Encyclopædia Britannica.  [Accessed October 2, 2003].
 
−
 
 
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 4
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 4
−
 
 
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
 
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
−
 
 
* Robert Fournier, ''Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery'', Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
 
* Robert Fournier, ''Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery'', Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
−
 
 
* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
 
* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
−
 
 
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
 
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
−
 
+
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
−
* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
 
−
 
 
 
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986
 
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986
−
 
 
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, ''A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques'', Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
 
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, ''A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques'', Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
−
 
 
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
 
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
  
  
  
−
[[Category:Materials database]]
+
[[Category:Materials database]][[Category:MWG]][[Category: Comparisons]]

Latest revision as of 09:42, 10 October 2024

Abrasives

Description

Hard, fine particles used to polish metals, stone, wood, glass, and other materials. Naturally occurring materials used as abrasives include Diamond, Emery, Corundum, Sand, Garnet, Quartz, Pumice, diatomite, Kaolin, Fuller's earth, Talc, Chalk, and cuttlefish bone. Manufactured materials used as abrasives include Silicon carbide, Aluminum oxide, Zirconium oxide, Titanium dioxide, green rouge (Chromic oxide), Stannic oxide, cerium oxide, Glass, Boron carbide, boron nitride, and Synthetic diamond. Abrasives are sold as powders, slurries, and as abrasive cloths, papers, and wheels. They are characterized by hardness and particle size. Their hardness can be measured on the Mohs' scale in which the diamond is rated as a 10. Mild abrasives, such as chalk and talc, have a hardness of 1-3 Mohs. Diamond and silicon carbide are hard abrasives. Particle size depends on the mesh of the sieves used for separation, i.e. a 600 grit abrasive contains particles 8 micrometers and smaller.

Synonyms and Related Terms

diamond; emery; corundum; sand; garnet; quartz; pumice; diatomite; kaolin; fuller's earth; talc; chalk; cuttlefish bone; silicon carbide; aluminum oxide; zirconium oxide; titanium dioxide; green rouge; chromic oxide; tin oxide; cerium oxide; glass; boron carbide; boron nitride; steel wool; abrasive paper; lubrisil, micromesh; abrasive powder; crocus powder; jewelers rouge; rottenstone; tripoli powder; whiting; Schleifmittel (Deut.); abrasif (Fr.);

Comparisons

Compound Names Chemical classification Source Color Hardness Density Commercial product names
NATURAL
diamond balla, bort, carbonado carbon Naturally occurring primarily in Africa, southeast Asia, South America and Australia; Synthetic-made in 1955 transparent to black 10 3.51-3.53
aluminum oxide alumina, corundum, sapphire, ruby oxide Mineral (corundum); Synthetic-first made in 1888 white 9 3.9-4.1 Alundum®, Aloxite, Bauxilite
emery corundite, emery flour, jeweler's emery, black sand oxide Natural mixture of corundum (Al2O3) and magnetite; used since ancient times black 8.0-9.0 3.7-4.3
silicon dioxide sand, silica, quartz, glass, chert, flint oxide Naturally occuring world-wide clear to opaque 5.5-7.0 2.2-2.6 Silex
iron oxide hematite, colcothar, crocus powder, ferric oxide, jeweler's rouge, optical rouge, red rouge oxide Naturally occuring world-wide. Used since ancient times red 5.5 - 6.5 5.25
whetstone oilstone, waterstone, snakestone, honestone, rubbing stone, coticule, Ayr stone, novaculite silicate Naturally occuring world-wide; general name used for stones used to sharpen tools white to gray or black 5.5-7.0 2.2-2.5
garnet pyrope, almandine, carbuncle silicate Mineral red 6.5-7.5 3.52-4.32
pumice potassium aluminum silicate, pumice stone, pumicite, volcanic glass silcate Natural volcanic mineral-used since ancient times gray 6.0-6.5 0.64
diatomite diatomaceous earth, fossil flour, siliceous earth, infusorial earth, celite, kieselguhr silicate Fossilized remains of diatoms gray 6.0-6.5 1.9-2.35 Snow Floss, Celite®, Sil-O-Cel, Super-Cel, Kenite®, Diactiv®, Primisil®
kaolin kaolinite, China clay, Devonshire clay, bolus alba, procelain clay, argilla, fuller's earth silicate Naturally occuring world-wide white 2.0 - 2.5 2.6-2.63
talc talcum, soapstone, steatite, asbestine, tailors chalk silicate Naturally occuring world-wide white, gray or green 1.0 2.5-2.8
staurolite silicate Naturally occurring mineral in Switzerland and Georgia (USA) reddish brown to black 7-7.5 3.6-3.8
feldspar plagioclase, anorthoclase, orthoclase, microcline silicate Naturally occurring mineral whitish 6-6.5 2.56
stannic oxide putty powder, jeweler's putty, tin dioxide oxide Mineral (cassiterite); white 6.0-7.0 6.6-6.9
rottenstone rotten stone, tripoli mix of limestone and silicate Naturally occuring mineral - extensively from South Wales. reddish-brown 3.0-6.0 2.0-3.0
calcium carbonate chalk, whiting, calcite carbonate Naturally occuring in most part's of the world as marble, limestone, and sea shells white 3.0 2.71
plant products walnut shells, rice husk, dusting powder (cellulose) cellulose, lignin Naturally occurring light brown 2.0 - 4.0 1.2-1.35 Agra-grit, Agrashell
animal products fish skin, shagreen, sharkskin, horse tail, horse hair, bone keratin, collagen Naturally occurring varies 2.0 - 4.0
SYNTHETIC
titanium dioxide titania oxide Mineral (rutile); Synthetic-anatase made in 1906; rutile made in 1938 white 6.0-6.5 4.26 Titanox; Unitane
zirconium oxide zircon, zirconia oxide Mineral (baddeleyite); synthetic white 8.0-8.5 5.85
chromic oxide chromia, green rouge oxide Synthetic-first made in 1809 dull green 8.0-8.5 5.22
cerium oxide ceric oxide, ceria oxide Mineral (bastaenite and monazite); purified for use yellow to brown 6.0-7.0 7.22 Ceriorouge
silicon carbide Carborundum carbide Synthetic-discovered in 1884; mass produced since 1893 as an abrasive green to black 9.0-9.5 3.21-3.23 Micromesh, Carborundum, Unirundum, Carbofrax
tungsten carbide carbide, Moissinite carbide Synthetic-first made in 1893; production started between 1913 and 1918 gray to black 9.0-9.5 15.60
boron carbide black diamond carbide Synthetic-discovered in 19th c; first synthesized in 1899 black 9.75 2.50
metal wool steel wool, bronze wool metal metallic
boron nitride Borazon, CBN nitride Synthetic-first made in 1957 gold to brown 9.5-10.5 2.10 Borazon

Downloads/Print

Properties of Common Abrasives (Excel)

Properties of Common Abrasives (pdf)

Resources and Citations

  • Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "abrasive" [Accessed October 2, 2003].
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 4
  • Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
  • Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
  • Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  • Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
  • Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
  • Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
  • Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

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