Difference between revisions of "Abrasive"

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! Hardness
 
! Hardness
 
! Density
 
! Density
! Particle size
 
 
! Commercial product names
 
! Commercial product names
 +
|-
 +
| NATURAL
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| diamond
 
| diamond
 
| balla, bort, carbonado
 
| balla, bort, carbonado
 
| carbon
 
| carbon
| Naturally occuring primarily in  Africa, southeast Asia, South America and Australia; Synthetic-made in 1955
+
| Naturally occurring primarily in  Africa, southeast Asia, South America and Australia; Synthetic-made in 1955
 
| transparent to black
 
| transparent to black
| 10.0
+
| 10
 
| 3.51-3.53
 
| 3.51-3.53
 
|  
 
|  
|  
+
|-
 +
| aluminum  oxide
 +
| alumina, corundum, sapphire,  ruby
 +
| oxide
 +
| Mineral (corundum);  Synthetic-first made in 1888
 +
| white
 +
| 9
 +
| 3.9-4.1
 +
| Alundum®, Aloxite,  Bauxilite
 
|-
 
|-
 
| emery
 
| emery
| corundum; emery flour, jeweler's   emery
+
| corundite, emery flour,   jeweler's emery, black sand
 
| oxide
 
| oxide
| Natural mixture of corundum and   magnetite; used since ancient times
+
| Natural mixture of corundum   (Al2O3) and magnetite; used since ancient times
 
| black
 
| black
 
| 8.0-9.0
 
| 8.0-9.0
 
| 3.7-4.3
 
| 3.7-4.3
 
|  
 
|  
| Carborundum
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| silicon  dioxide
 
| silicon  dioxide
| sand, silica, quartz, glass,  flint, chert, tripoli powder
+
| sand, silica, quartz, glass,  chert, flint
 
| oxide
 
| oxide
 
| Naturally occuring world-wide
 
| Naturally occuring world-wide
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| 5.5-7.0
 
| 5.5-7.0
 
| 2.2-2.6
 
| 2.2-2.6
 +
| Silex
 +
|-
 +
| iron  oxide
 +
| hematite, colcothar, crocus  powder, ferric oxide, jeweler's rouge, optical rouge, red rouge
 +
| oxide
 +
| Naturally occuring  world-wide.  Used since ancient times
 +
| red
 +
| 5.5 - 6.5
 +
| 5.25
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| whetstone
 +
| oilstone, waterstone,  snakestone, honestone, rubbing stone, coticule, Ayr stone, novaculite
 +
| silicate
 +
| Naturally occuring world-wide;  general name used for stones used to sharpen tools
 +
| white to gray or black
 +
| 5.5-7.0
 +
| 2.2-2.5
 
|  
 
|  
| Silex
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| garnet
 
| garnet
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| 6.5-7.5
 
| 6.5-7.5
 
| 3.52-4.32
 
| 3.52-4.32
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| pumice
 
| pumice
| potassium aluminum silicate
+
| potassium aluminum silicate,  pumice stone, pumicite, volcanic glass
 
| silcate
 
| silcate
 
| Natural volcanic mineral-used  since ancient times
 
| Natural volcanic mineral-used  since ancient times
 
| gray
 
| gray
 
| 6.0-6.5
 
| 6.0-6.5
|  
+
| 0.64
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| diatomite
 
| diatomite
| diatomaceous earth, fossil  flour, siliceous earth, infusorial earth,
+
| diatomaceous earth, fossil  flour, siliceous earth, infusorial earth, celite, kieselguhr
 
| silicate
 
| silicate
| Mineral skeletons of water  plants
+
| Fossilized remains of diatoms
 
| gray
 
| gray
|  
+
| 6.0-6.5
 
| 1.9-2.35
 
| 1.9-2.35
|
 
 
| Snow Floss, Celite®, Sil-O-Cel,  Super-Cel, Kenite®, Diactiv®, Primisil®
 
| Snow Floss, Celite®, Sil-O-Cel,  Super-Cel, Kenite®, Diactiv®, Primisil®
 
|-
 
|-
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| 2.0 - 2.5
 
| 2.0 - 2.5
 
| 2.6-2.63
 
| 2.6-2.63
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1.0
 
| 1.0
 
| 2.5-2.8
 
| 2.5-2.8
| 2.0
+
|
 +
|-
 +
| staurolite
 +
|
 +
| silicate
 +
| Naturally occurring mineral in  Switzerland and Georgia (USA)
 +
| reddish brown to black
 +
| 7-7.5
 +
| 3.7-3.8
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| feldspar
 +
| plagioclase, anorthoclase,  orthoclase, microcline
 +
| silicate
 +
| Naturally occurring mineral
 +
| whitish
 +
| 6-6.5
 +
| 2.56
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| stannic  oxide
 +
| putty powder, jeweler's putty,  tin dioxide
 +
| oxide
 +
| Mineral (cassiterite);
 +
| white
 +
| 6.0-7.0
 +
| 6.6-6.9
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| rottenstone
 +
| rotten stone, tripoli
 +
| mix of limestone and silicate
 +
| Naturally occuring mineral -  extensively from South Wales.
 +
| reddish-brown
 +
| 3.0-6.0
 +
| 2.0-3.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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| white
 
| white
 
| 3.0
 
| 3.0
| 1.8-2.7
+
| 2.71
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| plant  products
 +
| walnut shells, rice husk,  dusting powder (cellulose)
 +
| cellulose, lignin
 +
| Naturally occurring
 +
| light brown
 +
| 2.0 - 4.0
 +
| 1.2-1.35
 +
| Agra-grit, Agrashell
 +
|-
 +
| animal  products
 +
| fish skin, shagreen, sharkskin,  horse tail, horse hair, bone
 +
| keratin, collagen
 +
| Naturally occurring
 +
| varies
 +
| 2.0 - 4.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
| iron  oxide
+
| SYNTHETIC
| hematite, colcothar, crocus  powder, ferric oxide, jeweler's rouge, optical rouge
+
|  
| oxide
+
|  
| Naturally occuring  world-wide.  Used since ancient times
+
|  
| red
 
| 5.5 - 6.5
 
| 4.2-5.3
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
|-
 
| silicon  carbide
 
| Carborundum
 
| carbide
 
| Synthetic-discovered in 1884
 
| green to black
 
| 9.0-9.5
 
| 3.22-3.23
 
 
|  
 
|  
| Micromesh, Carborundum,  Unirundum, Carbofrax
 
|-
 
| aluminum  oxide
 
| alumina, corundum, sapphire
 
| oxide
 
| Mineral (corundum);  Synthetic-first made in 1888
 
| white
 
| 8.8-9.0
 
| 2.8-4.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
| Alundum®, Aloxite,  Bauxilite
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| titanium  dioxide
 
| titanium  dioxide
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| 6.0-6.5
 
| 6.0-6.5
 
| 4.26
 
| 4.26
| 0.2-0.5 micrometers
 
 
| Titanox; Unitane
 
| Titanox; Unitane
 
|-
 
|-
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| Mineral (baddeleyite); synthetic
 
| Mineral (baddeleyite); synthetic
 
| white
 
| white
|  
+
| 8.0-8.5
 
| 5.85
 
| 5.85
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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| Synthetic-first made in 1809
 
| Synthetic-first made in 1809
 
| dull green
 
| dull green
|  
+
| 8.0-8.5
|
+
| 5.22
| 0.1-1.0 micrometers
 
|
 
|-
 
| stannic  oxide
 
| putty powder, jeweler's putty,  tin dioxide
 
| oxide
 
| Mineral (cassiterite)
 
| white
 
| 6.0-7.0
 
| 6.6-6.9
 
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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| ceric oxide, ceria
 
| ceric oxide, ceria
 
| oxide
 
| oxide
|  
+
| Mineral (bastaenite and  monazite); purified for use
| brown
+
| yellow to brown
|  
+
| 6.0-7.0
|  
+
| 7.22
|
 
 
| Ceriorouge
 
| Ceriorouge
 +
|-
 +
| silicon  carbide
 +
| Carborundum
 +
| carbide
 +
| Synthetic-discovered in 1884;  mass produced since 1893 as an abrasive
 +
| green to black
 +
| 9.0-9.5
 +
| 3.21-3.23
 +
| Micromesh, Carborundum,  Unirundum, Carbofrax
 
|-
 
|-
 
| tungsten  carbide
 
| tungsten  carbide
|  
+
| carbide, Moissinite
 
| carbide
 
| carbide
|  
+
| Synthetic-first made in 1893;  production started between 1913 and 1918
|  
+
| gray to black
|  
+
| 9.0-9.5
|  
+
| 15.60
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| boron  carbide
 
| boron  carbide
|  
+
| black diamond
 
| carbide
 
| carbide
| Synthetic
+
| Synthetic-discovered in 19th c;  first synthesized in 1899
 
| black
 
| black
| 9.0
+
| 9.75
| 2.60
+
| 2.50
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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| metal
 
| metal
 
|  
 
|  
|  
+
| metallic
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
| rottenstone
+
| boron   nitride
|
+
| Borazon, CBN
| silicate
+
| nitride
|
+
| Synthetic-first made in 1957
|
+
| gold to brown
|
+
| 9.5-10.5
|
+
| 2.10
|
+
| Borazon
|
 
|-
 
| feldspar
 
|
 
| silicate
 
| Naturally occuring world-wide.
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
| plant   products
 
| walnut shells, rice husk,   dusting powder (cellulose)
 
| cellulose
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|  
 
|-
 
| animal  products
 
| fish skin, horse tail, horse  hair
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
| whetstone
 
| oilstone, snakestone, honestone,  rubbing stone, coticule, Ayr stone
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|  
 
 
|}
 
|}
  

Revision as of 10:38, 10 October 2024

Abrasives

Description

Hard, fine particles used to polish metals, stone, wood, glass, and other materials. Naturally occurring materials used as abrasives include Diamond, Emery, Corundum, Sand, Garnet, Quartz, Pumice, diatomite, Kaolin, Fuller's earth, Talc, Chalk, and cuttlefish bone. Manufactured materials used as abrasives include Silicon carbide, Aluminum oxide, Zirconium oxide, Titanium dioxide, green rouge (Chromic oxide), Stannic oxide, cerium oxide, Glass, Boron carbide, boron nitride, and Synthetic diamond. Abrasives are sold as powders, slurries, and as abrasive cloths, papers, and wheels. They are characterized by hardness and particle size. Their hardness can be measured on the Mohs' scale in which the diamond is rated as a 10. Mild abrasives, such as chalk and talc, have a hardness of 1-3 Mohs. Diamond and silicon carbide are hard abrasives. Particle size depends on the mesh of the sieves used for separation, i.e. a 600 grit abrasive contains particles 8 micrometers and smaller.

Synonyms and Related Terms

diamond; emery; corundum; sand; garnet; quartz; pumice; diatomite; kaolin; fuller's earth; talc; chalk; cuttlefish bone; silicon carbide; aluminum oxide; zirconium oxide; titanium dioxide; green rouge; chromic oxide; tin oxide; cerium oxide; glass; boron carbide; boron nitride; steel wool; abrasive paper; lubrisil, micromesh; abrasive powder; crocus powder; jewelers rouge; rottenstone; tripoli powder; whiting; Schleifmittel (Deut.); abrasif (Fr.);

Comparisons

Compound Names Chemical classification Source Color Hardness Density Commercial product names
NATURAL
diamond balla, bort, carbonado carbon Naturally occurring primarily in Africa, southeast Asia, South America and Australia; Synthetic-made in 1955 transparent to black 10 3.51-3.53
aluminum oxide alumina, corundum, sapphire, ruby oxide Mineral (corundum); Synthetic-first made in 1888 white 9 3.9-4.1 Alundum®, Aloxite, Bauxilite
emery corundite, emery flour, jeweler's emery, black sand oxide Natural mixture of corundum (Al2O3) and magnetite; used since ancient times black 8.0-9.0 3.7-4.3
silicon dioxide sand, silica, quartz, glass, chert, flint oxide Naturally occuring world-wide clear to opaque 5.5-7.0 2.2-2.6 Silex
iron oxide hematite, colcothar, crocus powder, ferric oxide, jeweler's rouge, optical rouge, red rouge oxide Naturally occuring world-wide. Used since ancient times red 5.5 - 6.5 5.25
whetstone oilstone, waterstone, snakestone, honestone, rubbing stone, coticule, Ayr stone, novaculite silicate Naturally occuring world-wide; general name used for stones used to sharpen tools white to gray or black 5.5-7.0 2.2-2.5
garnet pyrope, almandine, carbuncle silicate Mineral red 6.5-7.5 3.52-4.32
pumice potassium aluminum silicate, pumice stone, pumicite, volcanic glass silcate Natural volcanic mineral-used since ancient times gray 6.0-6.5 0.64
diatomite diatomaceous earth, fossil flour, siliceous earth, infusorial earth, celite, kieselguhr silicate Fossilized remains of diatoms gray 6.0-6.5 1.9-2.35 Snow Floss, Celite®, Sil-O-Cel, Super-Cel, Kenite®, Diactiv®, Primisil®
kaolin kaolinite, China clay, Devonshire clay, bolus alba, procelain clay, argilla, fuller's earth silicate Naturally occuring world-wide white 2.0 - 2.5 2.6-2.63
talc talcum, soapstone, steatite, asbestine, tailors chalk silicate Naturally occuring world-wide white, gray or green 1.0 2.5-2.8
staurolite silicate Naturally occurring mineral in Switzerland and Georgia (USA) reddish brown to black 7-7.5 3.7-3.8
feldspar plagioclase, anorthoclase, orthoclase, microcline silicate Naturally occurring mineral whitish 6-6.5 2.56
stannic oxide putty powder, jeweler's putty, tin dioxide oxide Mineral (cassiterite); white 6.0-7.0 6.6-6.9
rottenstone rotten stone, tripoli mix of limestone and silicate Naturally occuring mineral - extensively from South Wales. reddish-brown 3.0-6.0 2.0-3.0
calcium carbonate chalk, whiting, calcite carbonate Naturally occuring in most part's of the world as marble, limestone, and sea shells white 3.0 2.71
plant products walnut shells, rice husk, dusting powder (cellulose) cellulose, lignin Naturally occurring light brown 2.0 - 4.0 1.2-1.35 Agra-grit, Agrashell
animal products fish skin, shagreen, sharkskin, horse tail, horse hair, bone keratin, collagen Naturally occurring varies 2.0 - 4.0
SYNTHETIC
titanium dioxide titania oxide Mineral (rutile); Synthetic-anatase made in 1906; rutile made in 1938 white 6.0-6.5 4.26 Titanox; Unitane
zirconium oxide zircon, zirconia oxide Mineral (baddeleyite); synthetic white 8.0-8.5 5.85
chromic oxide chromia, green rouge oxide Synthetic-first made in 1809 dull green 8.0-8.5 5.22
cerium oxide ceric oxide, ceria oxide Mineral (bastaenite and monazite); purified for use yellow to brown 6.0-7.0 7.22 Ceriorouge
silicon carbide Carborundum carbide Synthetic-discovered in 1884; mass produced since 1893 as an abrasive green to black 9.0-9.5 3.21-3.23 Micromesh, Carborundum, Unirundum, Carbofrax
tungsten carbide carbide, Moissinite carbide Synthetic-first made in 1893; production started between 1913 and 1918 gray to black 9.0-9.5 15.60
boron carbide black diamond carbide Synthetic-discovered in 19th c; first synthesized in 1899 black 9.75 2.50
metal wool steel wool, bronze wool metal metallic
boron nitride Borazon, CBN nitride Synthetic-first made in 1957 gold to brown 9.5-10.5 2.10 Borazon

Downloads/Print

Properties of Common Abrasives (Excel)

Properties of Common Abrasives (pdf)

Resources and Citations

  • Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "abrasive" [Accessed October 2, 2003].
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 4
  • Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
  • Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
  • Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  • Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
  • Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
  • Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
  • Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

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